日本明治維新時(shí)期的科技政策改革及影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-18 12:39
【摘要】：日本的近代文明始源于明治維新時(shí)期。明治政府成立后,為了"富國(guó)強(qiáng)兵"以"與萬(wàn)國(guó)對(duì)峙",實(shí)現(xiàn)民族獨(dú)立、國(guó)家富強(qiáng),政府效仿西方,大力發(fā)展資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì),建立了近代資本主義制度,歷史上將這段時(shí)期的改革稱為"明治維新"。明治維新改革主要圍繞"文明開(kāi)化" "富國(guó)強(qiáng)兵" "殖產(chǎn)興業(yè)"三大國(guó)策進(jìn)行,在政體、教育、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)等制度方面施行了一系列變革。日本在這個(gè)時(shí)期的科技引進(jìn)政策也主要體現(xiàn)在教育、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)等領(lǐng)域內(nèi)。在教育領(lǐng)域,日本建立了完備的近代教育體系,包括初等教育、中等教育(實(shí)業(yè)教育和普通中等教育)、高等教育。初等義務(wù)教育的普及對(duì)西方科學(xué)技術(shù)的傳入和發(fā)展有著重要意義,在一定程度上,可以說(shuō)它為西方文明傳入民間掃清了傳統(tǒng)的思想障礙;中等教育的發(fā)展為日本的工業(yè)革命提供了大量技術(shù)工人;而近代大學(xué)的建立則是日本引入近代文明和近代科學(xué)技術(shù)的窗口,是近代日本尖端技術(shù)人才的搖籃。在軍事領(lǐng)域,日本在廢除武士特權(quán),實(shí)行"全民皆兵"的軍制改革基礎(chǔ)上,組建近代化新軍。首先,建立和發(fā)展軍事工業(yè)。在幕末官營(yíng)兵工廠的基礎(chǔ)上引進(jìn)西方設(shè)備和技師,建立近代軍工廠,隨著這些軍工廠不斷的技術(shù)革新和發(fā)展,到了明治后期,日本的軍事工業(yè)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了由對(duì)外進(jìn)口向自主研發(fā)的轉(zhuǎn)變,擺脫了對(duì)西方進(jìn)口武器的依賴。其次,設(shè)立軍事院校,培養(yǎng)近代軍事人才。明治時(shí)期,日本設(shè)立了近代軍事大學(xué),可以培養(yǎng)出陸、海軍所需的不同軍種不同層次的人才。包括可以統(tǒng)領(lǐng)作戰(zhàn)的高級(jí)軍事將領(lǐng),也包括如軍醫(yī)、騎兵、輜重兵、通訊、獸醫(yī)、炮兵等特種兵。在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,政府政府采取了建立模范示范工廠、設(shè)立政府研究所等舉措。方面,通過(guò)模范工廠的示范作用將近代企業(yè)的管理模式和近代產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)引入民間,另一方面,為民間的工廠企業(yè)提供技術(shù)支持和指導(dǎo)。明治時(shí)期日本科技引進(jìn)政策的背后,是明治政府對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)的正確認(rèn)識(shí)。西方先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù),產(chǎn)生于適宜科學(xué)技術(shù)產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的整個(gè)西方文明,包括西方"形而下"的"實(shí)學(xué)"思想,西方的社會(huì)制度等因素。要將科學(xué)技術(shù)引入日本,必先掃除傳統(tǒng)思想障礙。明治政府將教育看做向西方學(xué)習(xí)的先決條件,要想引入西方先進(jìn)科技,必須建立近代教育體系,快速發(fā)展本國(guó)的教育事業(yè)。日本的教育尤其是高等教育的蓬勃發(fā)展,為明治時(shí)期百?gòu)U待興的日本培養(yǎng)了大批人才,預(yù)示著日本的科技發(fā)展從向西方的"拿來(lái)主義"向"自主研究"的轉(zhuǎn)變。
[Abstract]:Japan's modern civilization originated from the Meiji Restoration period. After the establishment of the Meiji government, in order to achieve national independence and national prosperity, the government emulated the West, vigorously developed the capitalist economy, and established a modern capitalist system in order to "become rich and strong," in order to "confront with all nations." In history, this period of reform is called the Meiji Restoration. The reform of the Meiji Restoration mainly revolved around the three national policies of "civilized civilization", "enriching the country and strengthening the army" and "colonizing the country and building up business", and carried out a series of changes in the system of government, education, military affairs, economy, and so on. Japan's policy of introducing science and technology in this period is mainly reflected in the fields of education, military, economy and so on. In the field of education, Japan has established a complete modern education system, including primary education, secondary education (industrial education and general secondary education), higher education. The popularization of primary compulsory education is of great significance to the introduction and development of western science and technology. To a certain extent, it can be said that it clears the traditional ideological barriers for the introduction of western civilization into the folk. The development of secondary education provided a large number of skilled workers for the industrial revolution in Japan, while the establishment of modern universities was the window for Japan to introduce modern civilization and modern science and technology, and was the cradle of advanced technical talents in modern Japan. In the military field, Japan established the new army on the basis of abolishing the samurai privilege and carrying out the military system reform. First of all, the establishment and development of military industry. On the basis of the introduction of western equipment and technicians at the end of the curtain and the establishment of modern military factories, with the continuous technological innovation and development of these military factories, by the late Meiji period, Japan's military industry basically realized the transition from foreign imports to independent research and development, and got rid of its dependence on imported weapons from the West. Secondly, the establishment of military academies and training of modern military personnel. During the Meiji period, Japan set up a modern military university, which could train different levels of personnel in the army and navy. These include senior generals who can command operations, as well as special forces such as doctors, cavalry, provisions, communications, veterinarians, artillery and so on. In the economic field, the government has taken measures to set up model demonstration factories and government research institutes. On the other hand, the management mode and modern industrial technology of modern enterprises are introduced into the people through the exemplary role of model factories. On the other hand, it provides technical support and guidance for the factory enterprises of the civil society. The Japanese science and technology introduction policy in Meiji period is the correct understanding of science and technology of Meiji government. The advanced science and technology of the west comes from the whole western civilization, which is suitable for the production and development of science and technology, including the western "practical learning" thought and the social system of the west. To introduce science and technology into Japan, we must first remove traditional ideological barriers. The Meiji government regarded education as a prerequisite for learning from the West. In order to introduce advanced western science and technology, it was necessary to establish a modern education system and rapidly develop its own educational undertakings. The vigorous development of Japanese education, especially higher education, has brought up a large number of talents for Japan, which is in the futility of Meiji period. It indicates that the development of science and technology in Japan has changed from "taking advantage" to "independent research" in the West.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：N01;K313.41
本文編號(hào)：2189500
[Abstract]:Japan's modern civilization originated from the Meiji Restoration period. After the establishment of the Meiji government, in order to achieve national independence and national prosperity, the government emulated the West, vigorously developed the capitalist economy, and established a modern capitalist system in order to "become rich and strong," in order to "confront with all nations." In history, this period of reform is called the Meiji Restoration. The reform of the Meiji Restoration mainly revolved around the three national policies of "civilized civilization", "enriching the country and strengthening the army" and "colonizing the country and building up business", and carried out a series of changes in the system of government, education, military affairs, economy, and so on. Japan's policy of introducing science and technology in this period is mainly reflected in the fields of education, military, economy and so on. In the field of education, Japan has established a complete modern education system, including primary education, secondary education (industrial education and general secondary education), higher education. The popularization of primary compulsory education is of great significance to the introduction and development of western science and technology. To a certain extent, it can be said that it clears the traditional ideological barriers for the introduction of western civilization into the folk. The development of secondary education provided a large number of skilled workers for the industrial revolution in Japan, while the establishment of modern universities was the window for Japan to introduce modern civilization and modern science and technology, and was the cradle of advanced technical talents in modern Japan. In the military field, Japan established the new army on the basis of abolishing the samurai privilege and carrying out the military system reform. First of all, the establishment and development of military industry. On the basis of the introduction of western equipment and technicians at the end of the curtain and the establishment of modern military factories, with the continuous technological innovation and development of these military factories, by the late Meiji period, Japan's military industry basically realized the transition from foreign imports to independent research and development, and got rid of its dependence on imported weapons from the West. Secondly, the establishment of military academies and training of modern military personnel. During the Meiji period, Japan set up a modern military university, which could train different levels of personnel in the army and navy. These include senior generals who can command operations, as well as special forces such as doctors, cavalry, provisions, communications, veterinarians, artillery and so on. In the economic field, the government has taken measures to set up model demonstration factories and government research institutes. On the other hand, the management mode and modern industrial technology of modern enterprises are introduced into the people through the exemplary role of model factories. On the other hand, it provides technical support and guidance for the factory enterprises of the civil society. The Japanese science and technology introduction policy in Meiji period is the correct understanding of science and technology of Meiji government. The advanced science and technology of the west comes from the whole western civilization, which is suitable for the production and development of science and technology, including the western "practical learning" thought and the social system of the west. To introduce science and technology into Japan, we must first remove traditional ideological barriers. The Meiji government regarded education as a prerequisite for learning from the West. In order to introduce advanced western science and technology, it was necessary to establish a modern education system and rapidly develop its own educational undertakings. The vigorous development of Japanese education, especially higher education, has brought up a large number of talents for Japan, which is in the futility of Meiji period. It indicates that the development of science and technology in Japan has changed from "taking advantage" to "independent research" in the West.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：N01;K313.41
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