馬歇爾調(diào)停使命之東北調(diào)停
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-04 21:22
【摘要】：1946年是二戰(zhàn)勝利后的第一年,也是牽系中國前途與命運的關(guān)鍵一年。這一年,中國面臨戰(zhàn)爭與和平的歷史抉擇,國共關(guān)系的處理問題深刻影響著中國的未來和當時的遠東國際關(guān)系格局。此時馬歇爾帶著和平的使命來調(diào)處國共之間可能引發(fā)的內(nèi)戰(zhàn),而馬歇爾調(diào)處使命的重點和難點是東北問題。本文通過對1945年12月馬歇爾來華,到1947年1月離開中國這段時間,馬歇爾對中國東北的調(diào)停過程作了簡單的梳理,尤其是對調(diào)停開始到東北六月停戰(zhàn)這一段時間馬歇爾對東北內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的態(tài)度和奉行的策略以及東北調(diào)停的成功與失敗作了粗淺的探討。 縱觀馬歇爾東北調(diào)停的過程,大致可分為三個階段。第一階段是1945年12月至3月,經(jīng)歷了馬歇爾與國共之間的初次會談、一月談判、政協(xié)會議和整軍談判幾個時期,簽署了一系列協(xié)議,使中國局勢包括東北局勢暫時得以穩(wěn)定,國共沖突得以控制,中國出現(xiàn)了前所未有的和平局面,在這一階段馬歇爾對東北的調(diào)停是積極有效的；第二階段是1946年3月至6月,從有名無實的東北軍調(diào)小組徒勞地調(diào)停到東北戰(zhàn)事愈演愈烈,直至于事無補的六月停戰(zhàn),在這一階段,協(xié)議不斷遭到踐踏,沖突逐步升級,調(diào)停陷入僵局,最終爆發(fā)全面內(nèi)戰(zhàn)：最后一階段,1946年7月到1947年1月,表面是談判,實際是戰(zhàn)酣,所謂調(diào)停已并無實際意義。 本文在論述中,主要側(cè)重于對第一和第二階段的東北調(diào)停。筆者認為馬歇爾在調(diào)停過程中始終愿意保持客觀公正的調(diào)處態(tài)度和方式,只不過馬歇爾的個人意愿和美國的政策之間存在無法調(diào)和的矛盾,使得馬歇爾越到調(diào)處后期越具有壓共助蔣的傾向。在調(diào)處過程中,東北若停戰(zhàn),則關(guān)內(nèi)相安無事,東北若大打,關(guān)內(nèi)就容易兵戎相見,東北內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是國共內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的縮影也是影響全局的關(guān)鍵。無論國民黨還是共產(chǎn)黨都是一個獨立的政黨,在東北問題上又都十分看重,都希望在停戰(zhàn)談判中獲得更多的權(quán)益,最終的結(jié)果是國民黨認為馬歇爾沒有全力支持國民政府,共產(chǎn)黨責怪馬歇爾是促蔣挑起內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。在調(diào)處時期,大多數(shù)時期是共產(chǎn)黨處于優(yōu)勢,國民黨自恃武力,經(jīng)常最先發(fā)難,導致馬歇爾在個人情感上往往同情共產(chǎn)黨,責怪國民黨,但出于美國戰(zhàn)略利益考慮,馬歇爾又實際上支持國民黨,逼迫共產(chǎn)黨。由此,形成了復雜的、矛盾的、變幻的東北局勢。值得注意的是,美國在東北問題上支持國民黨,使得國民黨最終敢于發(fā)動內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。蘇聯(lián)采取不干預政策,對中共也有很大助力,它在一定程度上牽制了美國對東北國民黨軍隊的援助,也提供了中共要求美國完全退出中國的有力借口�？傊�,東北問題是中國的內(nèi)政,但在當時國際環(huán)境中,在馬歇爾所代表的美國的影響下,又成為美蘇角力的場所。
[Abstract]:1946 was the first year after the victory of World War II and a crucial year for China's future and destiny. This year, China was faced with the historical choice of war and peace. The handling of the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party had a profound impact on the future of China and the pattern of international relations in the far East at that time. At this time, Marshall took the mission of peace to mediate the possible civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and the focus and difficulty of Marshall's mission was the Northeast issue. In this paper, Marshall made a brief combing of the mediation process in Northeast China during the period of Marshall's coming to China in December 1945 and leaving China in January 1947. In particular, Marshall's attitude and strategy to the Northeast Civil War during the period from the beginning of mediation to the armistice in June in Northeast China and the success and failure of mediation in Northeast China were discussed. The process of Marshall's mediation in Northeast China can be divided into three stages. The first stage was from December to March 1945. After the initial talks between Marshall and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the January talks, the CPPCC session and the military integration negotiations, a series of agreements were signed, so that the situation in China, including the situation in the Northeast, was temporarily stabilized. The conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was brought under control, and there was unprecedented peace in China, during which Marshall's mediation in the Northeast was active and effective; the second stage was from March to June 1946. From the vain mediation of the nominal Northeast military Coordination Group to the intensification of the northeast war, until the futile June armistice, the agreement was constantly trampled on, the conflict escalated, and the mediation reached an impasse. Finally, a full-scale civil war broke out: the last stage, from July 1946 to January 1947, was ostensibly a negotiation, but in fact a war of war, and the so-called mediation had no practical meaning. In this paper, the main focus on the first and second stages of Northeast mediation. The author believes that Marshall is willing to maintain an objective and impartial attitude and manner in the process of mediation, but there is an irreconcilable contradiction between Marshall's personal will and American policy. The more Marshall to the later period of mediation, the more pressure to help Chiang. In the process of mediation, if the Northeast armistice, there will be peace within the Northeast, if the Northeast to fight, it is easy to battle, the Northeast Civil War is the epitome of the KMT civil war is also the key to the overall situation. Neither the Kuomintang nor the Communist Party is an independent political party, and they all attach great importance to the issue of the Northeast and all hope to gain more rights and interests in the armistice negotiations. The final result is that the KMT believes that Marshall did not fully support the National Government. The Communists blamed Marshall for provoking civil war. During the period of mediation, most of the time the Communist Party was in the ascendancy, and the Kuomintang, relying on military force, often made the first attack, which led Marshall to sympathize with the Communist Party and blame the Kuomintang on his personal feelings, but in view of the strategic interests of the United States, Marshall actually supported the Kuomintang and forced the Communist Party. As a result, a complex, contradictory, changing situation in the Northeast. It is worth noting that the United States supported the Kuomintang on the northeast issue, making the Kuomintang finally dare to launch a civil war. The Soviet Union's policy of non-intervention has also helped the Chinese Communists greatly. To a certain extent, it has restrained the United States' assistance to the Kuomintang troops in the Northeast and provided a powerful excuse for the Chinese Communists to demand that the United States withdraw completely from China. In short, the Northeast issue was China's internal affairs, but in the international environment at that time, under the influence of the United States represented by Marshall, it became the arena for the United States and the Soviet Union to wrestle.
【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K266;K712.54
本文編號：2165188
[Abstract]:1946 was the first year after the victory of World War II and a crucial year for China's future and destiny. This year, China was faced with the historical choice of war and peace. The handling of the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party had a profound impact on the future of China and the pattern of international relations in the far East at that time. At this time, Marshall took the mission of peace to mediate the possible civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and the focus and difficulty of Marshall's mission was the Northeast issue. In this paper, Marshall made a brief combing of the mediation process in Northeast China during the period of Marshall's coming to China in December 1945 and leaving China in January 1947. In particular, Marshall's attitude and strategy to the Northeast Civil War during the period from the beginning of mediation to the armistice in June in Northeast China and the success and failure of mediation in Northeast China were discussed. The process of Marshall's mediation in Northeast China can be divided into three stages. The first stage was from December to March 1945. After the initial talks between Marshall and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the January talks, the CPPCC session and the military integration negotiations, a series of agreements were signed, so that the situation in China, including the situation in the Northeast, was temporarily stabilized. The conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was brought under control, and there was unprecedented peace in China, during which Marshall's mediation in the Northeast was active and effective; the second stage was from March to June 1946. From the vain mediation of the nominal Northeast military Coordination Group to the intensification of the northeast war, until the futile June armistice, the agreement was constantly trampled on, the conflict escalated, and the mediation reached an impasse. Finally, a full-scale civil war broke out: the last stage, from July 1946 to January 1947, was ostensibly a negotiation, but in fact a war of war, and the so-called mediation had no practical meaning. In this paper, the main focus on the first and second stages of Northeast mediation. The author believes that Marshall is willing to maintain an objective and impartial attitude and manner in the process of mediation, but there is an irreconcilable contradiction between Marshall's personal will and American policy. The more Marshall to the later period of mediation, the more pressure to help Chiang. In the process of mediation, if the Northeast armistice, there will be peace within the Northeast, if the Northeast to fight, it is easy to battle, the Northeast Civil War is the epitome of the KMT civil war is also the key to the overall situation. Neither the Kuomintang nor the Communist Party is an independent political party, and they all attach great importance to the issue of the Northeast and all hope to gain more rights and interests in the armistice negotiations. The final result is that the KMT believes that Marshall did not fully support the National Government. The Communists blamed Marshall for provoking civil war. During the period of mediation, most of the time the Communist Party was in the ascendancy, and the Kuomintang, relying on military force, often made the first attack, which led Marshall to sympathize with the Communist Party and blame the Kuomintang on his personal feelings, but in view of the strategic interests of the United States, Marshall actually supported the Kuomintang and forced the Communist Party. As a result, a complex, contradictory, changing situation in the Northeast. It is worth noting that the United States supported the Kuomintang on the northeast issue, making the Kuomintang finally dare to launch a civil war. The Soviet Union's policy of non-intervention has also helped the Chinese Communists greatly. To a certain extent, it has restrained the United States' assistance to the Kuomintang troops in the Northeast and provided a powerful excuse for the Chinese Communists to demand that the United States withdraw completely from China. In short, the Northeast issue was China's internal affairs, but in the international environment at that time, under the influence of the United States represented by Marshall, it became the arena for the United States and the Soviet Union to wrestle.
【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K266;K712.54
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