【摘要】：俄國十月革命之前，蘇土兩國由于領(lǐng)土問題，歷史積怨頗深。十月革命后，新生的蘇維埃俄國面臨著嚴(yán)峻的國內(nèi)外形勢，帝國主義國家企圖把這個新生的政權(quán)扼殺在搖籃里，對蘇俄進(jìn)行武裝干涉，并支持蘇俄境內(nèi)的反動分子叛亂；而此時的奧斯曼帝國由于在一戰(zhàn)中失敗，也面臨著國家解體的命運。1920年8月，協(xié)約國強迫奧斯曼蘇丹簽訂了《色佛爾條約》，對其領(lǐng)土進(jìn)行瓜分和占領(lǐng)，土耳其事實上已經(jīng)淪為英法等國的半殖民地，面臨著亡國滅種的危機。為挽救民族危亡，穆斯塔法·凱末爾領(lǐng)導(dǎo)土耳其民族獨立戰(zhàn)爭，抵抗妄圖把土耳其變?yōu)榘胫趁竦氐牡蹏髁x列強。一戰(zhàn)之后，蘇土兩國出于應(yīng)對西方大國武裝干涉的共同要求，走上了合作之路。兩國開始拋棄歷史上的前嫌，雙方關(guān)系迅速得到改善。蘇維埃政府從物質(zhì)上、道義上支援土耳其民族獨立戰(zhàn)爭，對土耳其民族解放戰(zhàn)爭給予有力支持，并于1920年6月率先承認(rèn)了土耳其國民政府。土耳其凱末爾政府在自身經(jīng)濟形勢嚴(yán)峻之時，對蘇俄大饑荒伸出援手，幫助蘇俄順利渡過經(jīng)濟困境。1921年3月16日《蘇土友好條約》的簽訂，兩國正式建立外交關(guān)系，打破了兩國的外交孤立狀態(tài)，，蘇維埃政府第一次正式得到外交上的承認(rèn)。此后，洛桑會議上，土耳其在黑海海峽問題上對英國妥協(xié)，一度使兩國的親密關(guān)系蒙上了一層陰影。然而英土在摩蘇爾問題上的矛盾，使土耳其再次倒向蘇俄，1925年，兩國又簽訂了《蘇土友好中立條約》，在更多的領(lǐng)域開始了交流與合作。 縱觀蘇俄與凱末爾政府的關(guān)系，雙方之間雖存在意識形態(tài)的分歧、領(lǐng)土的爭端等矛盾，但由于在客觀的國際形勢下出于共同利益的考慮，兩國不遺余力地選擇了“友好合作”道路，使雙方都突破艱難險阻并取得了很大的發(fā)展空間。歷史再次證明了兩個道理：利益是國際外交的天枰；合作是國際社會的主題。本論文試圖將一個微小的歷史片段放歸到當(dāng)時的大環(huán)境中去探究，力求對這一事件進(jìn)行更為深入的研究，為他人作國際關(guān)系史貢獻(xiàn)微薄之力。
[Abstract]:Before Russia's October Revolution, the Soviet Union and Turkey had a deep history of grudges over territorial issues. After the October Revolution, the nascent Soviet Russia was faced with a severe domestic and international situation, and the imperialist countries attempted to strangle the nascent regime in the cradle, to carry out armed interference in Soviet Russia, and to support the reactionary insurrection in Soviet Russia. At this time, the Ottoman Empire was faced with the fate of the disintegration of the state because of its defeat in World War I. in August 1920, the allies forced the Sultan of Ottoman to sign the Treaty of Sephor to partition and occupy its territory. Turkey has in fact become a semi-colony of Britain and France, facing a crisis of extinction. To save the nation, Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish National Independence War against the imperialist powers trying to turn Turkey into a semi-colony. After World War I, the Soviet Union and Turkey set out on the road of cooperation in response to the common demands of armed intervention by Western powers. The two countries began to cast aside their historical past and relations improved rapidly. The Soviet government supported the Turkish National Independence War materially and morally and gave strong support to the War of Turkish National Liberation. In June 1920 it was the first to recognize the Turkish National Government. At a time when the economic situation of Turkey was severe, the Kemal government offered a helping hand to the Soviet Union and Russia to tide over the economic difficulties smoothly. On March 16, 1921, the signing of the Treaty of Friendship between the Soviet Union and Turkey, the two countries formally established diplomatic relations. The Soviet government was officially recognized for the first time by breaking diplomatic isolation between the two countries. Since then, Turkey's compromise with Britain over the Black Sea Strait at the Lobsang conference has cast a shadow over the close relationship between the two countries. However, the contradiction between Britain and Turkey on the Mosul issue made Turkey turn back to Russia again. In 1925, the two countries signed the Treaty of Friendship and neutrality between the two countries, and began exchanges and cooperation in more fields. Throughout the relations between Russia and the Kemal government, although there are ideological differences and territorial disputes between the two sides, due to the consideration of common interests under the objective international situation, The two countries have spared no effort to choose the road of "friendly cooperation", which has enabled both sides to break through difficulties and obstacles and have great room for development. History proves once again that interest is the balance of international diplomacy and that cooperation is the theme of the international community. This paper attempts to put a small historical fragment into the general environment at that time to explore the event, and to make a more in-depth study of this event, and to contribute to the history of international relations for others.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K151

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