【摘要】： 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,艾德禮工黨政府開(kāi)始執(zhí)掌英國(guó)政權(quán)。由于此時(shí)的英國(guó)急劇而嚴(yán)重地衰落,美國(guó)和蘇聯(lián)兩個(gè)世界超級(jí)大國(guó)驟然崛起,國(guó)際格局發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。因此,為了防止英國(guó)實(shí)力的迅速下滑,維護(hù)英國(guó)的世界大國(guó)地位和國(guó)家利益,艾德禮工黨政府不得不對(duì)英國(guó)外交政策進(jìn)行了曲折的探索和調(diào)整。 戰(zhàn)后初期,基于對(duì)本國(guó)實(shí)力的損失和衰落程度的錯(cuò)誤低估,艾德禮工黨政府對(duì)英國(guó)的定位并沒(méi)有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的認(rèn)識(shí),仍背著大英帝國(guó)的沉重的歷史包袱,追求不切實(shí)際的過(guò)高的目標(biāo)。它仍希望能維持二戰(zhàn)中形成的英美蘇三大國(guó)合作體系,以防止美蘇兩大國(guó)撇開(kāi)英國(guó)單獨(dú)行動(dòng),維護(hù)英國(guó)作為三大國(guó)之一的世界大國(guó)地位。但是,這時(shí)限于自身實(shí)力嚴(yán)重衰落,在三大國(guó)中最為弱小,加之面臨嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)財(cái)政危機(jī),以及美蘇對(duì)英國(guó)利益的漠視和侵犯,英國(guó)希望能建立西歐聯(lián)盟,并充當(dāng)西歐的領(lǐng)頭羊,以借助西歐聯(lián)盟的力量建立獨(dú)立于美蘇的“第三種力量”,爭(zhēng)取與美蘇平起平坐,共同主宰世界。但是由于戰(zhàn)后的英國(guó)自身和西歐都太虛弱了,所以“第三種力量”的戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)想根本不現(xiàn)實(shí)。 1946年底到1947年前三個(gè)月里,由于英國(guó)嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和對(duì)美國(guó)財(cái)政援助的嚴(yán)重依賴,艾德禮工黨政府逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到英國(guó)實(shí)力確實(shí)是衰落了,而此時(shí)蘇聯(lián)的威脅日益加深。在這種背景下,工黨政府一方面將“第三種力量”的思想初步付諸了實(shí)踐,建立了西歐聯(lián)盟的基礎(chǔ)——英法聯(lián)盟,以擺脫本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和對(duì)美經(jīng)濟(jì)的過(guò)分依賴,維護(hù)英國(guó)的獨(dú)立大國(guó)地位,并應(yīng)對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的威脅。另一方面,迫于上述形勢(shì)和自身實(shí)力所限,加之西歐同樣處于嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難眼看就要垮掉,工黨政府深感依靠自己和其他西歐國(guó)家的力量難以抵擋蘇聯(lián)擴(kuò)張威脅,不得不把目光投向了大洋彼岸的美國(guó),被迫將在希臘和土耳其抵抗蘇聯(lián)及共產(chǎn)主義威脅和擴(kuò)張的義務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移給了美國(guó),這表明它實(shí)際上已經(jīng)不能完全獨(dú)立于美國(guó)了。 之后,艾德禮工黨政府逐漸采取了現(xiàn)實(shí)主義選擇,不再過(guò)多地獨(dú)立于美國(guó),一步步將外交航向偏向了美國(guó),轉(zhuǎn)而積極主動(dòng)地支持并促成美國(guó)復(fù)興歐洲的馬歇爾經(jīng)濟(jì)援助計(jì)劃的實(shí)施,而將蘇聯(lián)排斥在外。這加深了與美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系,加深了兩國(guó)的相互理解,為兩國(guó)以后在戰(zhàn)略問(wèn)題上的合作奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 繼而,艾德禮工黨政府積極推行了“聯(lián)美抗蘇”戰(zhàn)略。它試圖與美國(guó)結(jié)盟,在未得到美積極響應(yīng)的情況下,退而求其次,積極促成美國(guó)支持的西歐集體防御體系——布魯塞爾條約組織的成立,這標(biāo)志著其追求獨(dú)立于美蘇的“第三種力量”的過(guò)高目標(biāo)的徹底破滅,更重要的是為后來(lái)有美國(guó)加入的大西洋安全體系——北大西洋公約組織的成立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。最終,英國(guó)工黨政府促成了美國(guó)參與其中的北大西洋公約組織的成立。北約組織的成立,標(biāo)志著英國(guó)工黨政府推行的“聯(lián)美抗蘇”戰(zhàn)略的成功,也標(biāo)志著英美合作共對(duì)付蘇聯(lián)的軍事戰(zhàn)略同盟的成立,使得英美從此在北約的框架內(nèi)在安全、戰(zhàn)略、歐洲防務(wù)上親密合作并更加緊密地聯(lián)合在了一起,促使英美兩國(guó)之間比它們與其他國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系都遠(yuǎn)為親密的“特殊關(guān)系”的正式形成。 以上英國(guó)工黨政府外交政策的轉(zhuǎn)變,實(shí)現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)時(shí)外交向戰(zhàn)后外交的平穩(wěn)過(guò)渡,為以后歷屆英國(guó)政府的外交奠定了基調(diào)。這種外交政策的轉(zhuǎn)變是工黨政府根據(jù)國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì)變化爭(zhēng)取國(guó)家利益最大化,最大限度維護(hù)大國(guó)地位的主動(dòng)戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整,使英國(guó)由此獲得了巨大的利益,確保了自身安全,增加了國(guó)家影響力,在一定程度上維護(hù)了大國(guó)地位。另一方面,這種外交政策的轉(zhuǎn)變又是英國(guó)工黨政府的萬(wàn)般無(wú)奈之舉,是其實(shí)力衰落和面對(duì)蘇聯(lián)威脅的必然和唯一現(xiàn)實(shí)選擇,使得英國(guó)在一定程度上受制于美國(guó),實(shí)際上成了美國(guó)的助手和小伙伴。
[Abstract]:After the Second World War , the Government of the Labour Party began to power the British regime . Since Britain ' s rapid and severe decline at this time , the United States and the Soviet Union ' s two world super - Powers have suddenly risen , and the international landscape has changed dramatically . Therefore , in order to prevent the rapid decline in British power and to safeguard the world ' s status and national interests in the United Kingdom , the Government of the Labour Party has had to explore and adjust the British foreign policy .


In the early post - war period , based on the miscalculation of the loss and the decline of the country ' s strength , the government ' s position in Britain is not an accurate understanding , still carrying the heavy historical burden of the British Empire , and pursuing unrealistic ambitious goals . However , it still hopes to maintain the Anglo - American Soviet - three power cooperation system formed during World War II , and to maintain Britain as one of the three major powers .


By the end of 1946 to three months from the end of 1946 , as a result of the severe economic crisis in the United Kingdom and the severe dependence on United States financial assistance , the Government of the Labour Party gradually realized that the British power was indeed fading , while the Soviet Union threatened the Soviet Union . On the other hand , the Labour Government was deeply dependent on the forces of its own and other Western European countries to resist the Soviet Union ' s threat of expansion . On the other hand , the Government of Labour was deeply dependent on the forces of its own and other Western European countries to shift the Soviet Union ' s obligations to the Soviet Union and the Communist threat and expansion to the United States , indicating that it had not actually been completely independent of the United States .


After that , the government of the Labor Party gradually adopted the realistic choice , no more independent from the United States , stepped forward the diplomatic course toward the United States , and turned the Soviet Union outside . This deepened the economic ties with the United States , deepened mutual understanding between the two countries and laid the foundation for the cooperation between the two countries in the future .


The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , which marks the success of the alliance of the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , marks the establishment of the United States - backed Atlantic Security System _ - - the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization .


The transformation of the foreign policy of the British Labour Party has achieved the smooth transition of the wartime diplomacy to the post - war diplomacy and laid the foundation for the diplomacy of successive British governments . The transformation of this foreign policy is the inevitable and the only realistic choice for the British Labour government to strive for the maximization of national interests according to the changes of the international domestic situation .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：K561.5

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 雪梅;美國(guó)對(duì)英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策初探（1941-1951）[D];西北師范大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號(hào)：2122262