本文選題：埃琉息斯秘儀 + 珀爾塞福涅��； 參考：《南開大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】： 埃琉息斯秘儀是古希臘的一種神秘宗教儀式,崇拜的神祗有得墨忒耳、珀爾塞福涅和伊阿庫斯。它的具體細節(jié)和啟示意義對未入會者嚴(yán)格保密,不得以任何方式泄露,褻瀆者將被判處死刑。因此,古典作家諸如希羅多德、狄奧多魯斯、波桑尼阿斯等雖對秘儀有所提及,卻都語焉不詳。本文根據(jù)古代文獻和現(xiàn)有的研究成果,對其大致面貌作了盡可能的復(fù)原。 從崇拜對象及其反映的信仰與觀念上看,埃琉息斯秘儀以地母神和冥神為崇拜對象,通過珀爾塞福涅農(nóng)業(yè)女神、秘儀之神與冥后的三重身份,將農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、來世幸福與秘儀巧妙地結(jié)合在一起。因此,埃琉息斯秘儀是生殖力崇拜、陰間崇拜、來世幸福觀和死而復(fù)生觀的集中體現(xiàn)。 從儀式構(gòu)成上看,埃琉息斯秘儀可以分為小秘儀和大秘儀兩部分。小秘儀是大秘儀的準(zhǔn)備,主要由獻祭、凈化、跳圣舞等活動構(gòu)成。小秘儀的核心是凈化,去除申請入會者肉體和意識上的一切罪孽,為入會神圣的大秘儀做準(zhǔn)備。大秘儀的活動主要包括運送圣物到雅典,在雅典舉行獻祭、凈化、祈禱和跳圣舞,紀(jì)念醫(yī)藥神的節(jié)慶,伊阿庫斯節(jié),在埃琉息斯舉行禁食、凈化和神秘的入會儀式等。入會儀式是來世幸福能否實現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵。但由于埃琉息斯秘儀的嚴(yán)格保密性,其入會儀式高潮階段的核心內(nèi)容至今仍未揭曉,目前已有的結(jié)論多屬推測。 從祭司的構(gòu)成與職責(zé)上看,埃琉息斯秘儀的主祭司例如傳秘師、火炬手、傳令官等都選自歐摩爾波斯和克里克斯兩大家族,他們各司其職,精于自己的宗教知識。他們的社會地位極高,羅馬時期甚至獲得了神圣的地位。 作為一種延續(xù)長達近2000年之久的宗教文化現(xiàn)象,埃琉息斯秘儀的發(fā)展演變無疑是與古希臘社會歷史的發(fā)展與變革緊密聯(lián)系在一起的。 邁錫尼時代是埃琉息斯秘儀產(chǎn)生的時期。古希臘神話傳說和現(xiàn)代的考古發(fā)掘都顯示了它大約產(chǎn)生于公元前15世紀(jì)。關(guān)于它的起源地,爭議較大,目前尚無定論,主要包括埃及說、色雷斯說和希臘說。這三種觀點都不無道理,但都未將埃琉息斯秘儀的起源問題徹底解釋清楚。埃琉息斯秘儀的產(chǎn)生應(yīng)有著深刻的社會歷史根源。公元前15—前14世紀(jì)希臘躁動不安的社會局勢是其產(chǎn)生的社會根源;遠古地母神崇拜和蛇女神崇拜是其產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ);克里特宗教中的嬰孩崇拜、神婚、洞穴祭儀等是其產(chǎn)生的重要條件。所以,埃琉息斯秘儀的產(chǎn)生是本土因素與外來宗教因素交流融合的結(jié)果。 荷馬時代是埃琉息斯秘儀持續(xù)存在和發(fā)展的時期。阿提卡免遭多利亞人的侵入為秘儀的延續(xù)提供了繼續(xù)存在發(fā)展的歷史機遇�？脊虐l(fā)掘出的神廟遺址證明了秘儀在埃琉息斯本地的連續(xù)性。某些希臘殖民城市模仿埃琉息斯建立得墨忒耳秘儀則表明秘儀已經(jīng)傳播到希臘本土之外。 古風(fēng)—古典時期是埃琉息斯秘儀的興盛發(fā)展期。雅典城邦政府在其中發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用。埃琉息斯神廟的擴建、入會者范圍的擴大以及秘儀管理機制的完善都離不開城邦政府的直接參與和大力支持。 希臘化—羅馬時期是埃琉息斯秘儀的蛻變與衰落期。馬其頓、羅馬統(tǒng)治者對埃琉息斯秘儀的青睞促進了這一時期秘儀的繁盛,使之具有了一定的世界意義。但王權(quán)的介入破壞了埃琉息斯秘儀的傳統(tǒng),主要體現(xiàn)在王者崇拜的引入、私人出資代表雅典城邦獻祭的盛行以及傳秘師等主祭司地位的神圣化。儀式傳統(tǒng)的破壞與希臘城邦衰落的政治命運息息相通,因此,當(dāng)基督教興起時,發(fā)生蛻變的埃琉息斯秘儀在生存空間受到擠壓的同時也失去了發(fā)展的原動力。公元395年圣殿的被毀標(biāo)志著埃琉息斯秘儀歷史命運的終結(jié)。 埃琉息斯秘儀是古代秘儀活動的典型,它在發(fā)展過程中形成了自己的特點:一、秘儀管理機制包括城邦政府和祭司的雙重管理。二、形成了專業(yè)化與特權(quán)化的祭司群體。三、擁有廣泛的社會基礎(chǔ)。四、儀式禁忌具有濃厚的政治色彩。五、強調(diào)“入會即是一切”的宗教理念。 作為一種具有廣泛社會基礎(chǔ)的、又有悠久歷史的宗教現(xiàn)象與社會現(xiàn)象,埃琉息斯秘儀對古希臘的社會、政治、文化都產(chǎn)生了重要影響。它在一定程度上增強了雅典在希臘世界的影響,有利于希臘人民族認同感的增強和社會的和諧穩(wěn)定,同時促進了古希臘文化的繁榮;對古希臘其他地區(qū)秘儀、甚至對早期基督教的發(fā)展也起了一定的推動作用。
[Abstract]:The arkite is a mysterious religious ritual in ancient Greece. The gods of worship are Mont, Perle, and iakus. The details and revelations are strictly confidential to those who have not been admitted. They are not allowed to be leaked in any way, and the blasphemes will be sentenced to death. Therefore, classical writers such as Ciro Dodd, Theodoros, and pangasan. Although Nias and others have mentioned the secret instrument, they are all in a vague state. Based on the ancient literature and existing research results, this article has made the most possible recovery.
From the object of worship and the belief and concept reflected, the arkian constipation is admired by the goddess of earth and the God of Hades. Through the three identity of the goddess of agriculture in Perle, the goddess of constipation and the afterlife, the agricultural production, the happiness of the afterlife and the secret instrument are ingeniously combined. The idea of happiness in the afterlife and the centralization of the view of the rebirth of death.
From the ritual composition, the ritual instrument can be divided into two parts: the small constipation instrument and the great secret instrument. The small secret instrument is the preparation of the great secret instrument, mainly composed of sacrifice, purification, and the dance of the holy dance. The core of the small secret instrument is to purify, remove all the sins of the applicant's body and consciousness, prepare for the sacred great constipation instrument. The movement mainly includes transporting holy things to Athens, offering sacrifices, purifying, praying and dances in Athens, commemorating the festival of the medical God, the I Accu J Festival, and the ceremonies of fasting, purification and mystery in ilrite. The entry ceremony is the key to the realization of the happiness of the afterlife. But because of the strict confidentiality of the arkite constipation, its admission ceremony The core content of the climax stage has not yet been announced, and the existing conclusions are mostly conjectures.
From the composition and duties of the priests, the chief priests of the erilian constipation, such as the secretarial division, the torchbearer, and the messenger, were selected from the two families of O Moore Bos and Crick. They were different from their own religious knowledge. Their social status was very high, and the Rome period even gained a sacred place.
As a religious and cultural phenomenon that lasted for nearly 2000, the development and evolution of the ilyusi constipation is closely linked to the development and change of the ancient Greek social history.
The era of Mycenae was the time of the ekris constipation. Ancient Greek myths and legends and modern archaeological excavations showed that it was produced about fifteenth Century BC. The origin of its origin was disputed, and there was no final conclusion, mainly Egypt, Thrace and Greece. These three views were all justified, but none of them took eilyusi. The origin of the constipation is completely explained. The emergence of the ekris constipation should have profound social and historical roots. The social root of the agitated social situation in Greece from 15 to fourteenth Century BC was the social root cause; the foundation of the worship of the goddess and the snake goddess in ancient times; the baby worship, the divine marriage and the cave in the krate religion. Cave ceremonies and other ceremonies are important conditions for their formation. Therefore, the emergence of the ilois Si Mi instrument is the result of the integration of local factors and foreign religious factors.
The Homer era is a period of continuous existence and development of the eilyuss constipation. Ataka is free from the invasion of the Doria for the continuation of the constipation, which provides a historical opportunity to continue to develop. The archaeological site of the archeological excavation proves the continuity of the constipation in the eilrite. The ear secretaries show that the secret instrument has spread to the Greek mainland.
The ancient style - the classical period was the prosperous development period of the arkus secretaries. The city state government of Athens played a vital role. The expansion of the ekrites temple, the expansion of the scope of the enrollees and the perfection of the management mechanism of the constipation can not be separated from the direct participation and strong support of the city state government.
The period of Hellenistic and Rome was the metamorphosis and decline period of the elikus constipation. The favor of the rulers of Macedonia and Rome to the elikus secretaries promoted the prosperity of the constipation in this period, and made it a certain world significance. But the intervention of the royal power destroyed the tradition of the elikus constipation, which was mainly embodied in the introduction of the worship of the king and the private out. The vogue on behalf of the Athens city state sacrifices and the sanctity of the status of the priestess, such as the secretaries, is closely linked with the political fate of the decline of the Greek city state. Therefore, when Christianity rose, the transformation of the arkite constipation lost the motive force of development at the same time that the living space was squeezed. The temple of 395 A.D. The destruction of it marked the end of the historical fate of the ilois.
The esrus constipation is typical of the ancient constipation activities. It forms its own characteristics in the process of development: first, the management mechanism of the constipation includes the dual management of the city state government and the priesthood. Two, the professional and privileged priesthood has been formed. Three, with a broad social basis. Four, ritual taboos have strong political color. Five, emphasizing " Admission is the religious idea of everything.
As a religious phenomenon and social phenomenon with a broad social basis and a long history, the ilyusi constipation has an important influence on the society, politics and culture of ancient Greece. To a certain extent, it has enhanced the influence of Athens in the Greek world, which is beneficial to the enhancement of the Greek people's recognition and the harmony and stability of the society. It promoted the prosperity of ancient Greek culture, and played a certain role in promoting the development of early Christianity in other parts of ancient Greece.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K125

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