本文選題：美國東歐 + “解放”政策　； 參考：《復旦大學》2004年博士論文

【摘要】：關(guān)于冷戰(zhàn)時期美國對東歐政策的研究，國內(nèi)學術(shù)界取得的成果相對較少，國外學者雖然較為重視這一課題，但也多是泛泛言之，其著述通常時間跨度都比較大，基本上縱貫整個冷戰(zhàn)年代。而具體到美國對東歐“演變”政策的專題研究，國內(nèi)外除了相關(guān)的幾篇論文以外，有關(guān)的專著我還沒有見到。本文主要在研讀美國近年已經(jīng)解密的外交檔案的基礎上，從美國對東歐外交政策決策角度，分析和論證美國對東歐“演變”政策的形成、確立以及初期階段的實施情況，以求更為全面和深入地了解冷戰(zhàn)年代美國對東歐政策。 東歐八個社會主義國家在冷戰(zhàn)年代具有極其重要的地位，它們不僅是蘇聯(lián)與美國對抗的堅定同盟和合作伙伴，也是蘇聯(lián)維護東西方戰(zhàn)略平衡的重要籌碼。因此，美國極其重視對東歐政策，試圖通過取得對東歐政策的勝利來分化瓦解社會主義陣營，孤立和打擊蘇聯(lián)，最終獲得冷戰(zhàn)的勝利。 因此，戰(zhàn)后美國歷屆政府都努力尋求制定一項促進東歐國家脫離蘇聯(lián)陣營，并最終放棄社會主義制度的政策，杜魯門政府的遏制政策和艾森豪威爾政府前期的“解放”政策，都是為了實現(xiàn)這一目標而采取的不同策略。然而，隨著1955年美蘇冷戰(zhàn)緩和步伐的加快，美蘇關(guān)系真正由對抗走向了對話，蘇聯(lián)與東歐的關(guān)系也由嚴厲的單方面的絕對控制向溫和的合作方向發(fā)展。在這種新的國際形勢下，具有挑釁性的“解放”政策不僅不能帶來良好的效果，而且，還可能惡化美蘇關(guān)系，阻礙冷戰(zhàn)緩和進程，甚至會挑起沖突乃至戰(zhàn)爭。因而自1955年以后，美國依然在以“解放”政策為主導的前提下，開始逐漸審視和調(diào)整對東歐政策，到1956年秋，由于波蘭事件和匈牙利事件，美國徹底地拋棄了“解放”東歐的幻想，轉(zhuǎn)而尋求一項適合新的國際形勢的并具有現(xiàn)實可操作性的對東歐政策。 1958年5月，國家安全委員會制定并通過了NSC5811／1文件，該文件是美國對東歐國家政策的綱領(lǐng)性文件，它標志著“演變”政策的正式確立。美國對東歐“演變”的新政策與以前的“解放”政策有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別，它放棄了對東歐國家共產(chǎn)黨政權(quán)敵視的態(tài)度，也拋棄了通過東歐國家民眾的起義來推翻現(xiàn)行政府的幻想，主張通過與東歐國家建立和加強正常的政治、經(jīng)濟和文化聯(lián)系來鼓勵和促使東歐國家逐漸脫離蘇聯(lián)的控制，最終完成向西方資本主義制度“演變”。 艾森豪威爾政府的成就是確立了“演變”政策，使其成為以后歷屆政府對東歐的基本政策。在其任內(nèi)，除了美國與波蘭和南斯拉夫的關(guān)系尤其是經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易有了一定程度的發(fā)展之外，由于該時期屬于“演變”政策的起步階段，美國與東歐國家的關(guān)系主要局限在協(xié)商建立正常的外交關(guān)系的領(lǐng)域。而肯尼迪和約翰遜政府時期，美國與東歐國家關(guān)系則主要表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域。由于東歐國家主要對發(fā) 展與美國的經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易關(guān)系感興趣，因此發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系成為美國向東歐推行“演變” 政策的主要手段。然而，面對日益擴大的美國與東歐國家關(guān)系，自杜魯門政府時 期確立的遏制和削弱社會主義國家力量的貿(mào)易管制政策成為雙方關(guān)系進一步發(fā) 展和擴大的首要障礙，因此，肯尼迪和約翰遜政府都試圖對現(xiàn)行的貿(mào)易管制政策 進行修訂，然而由于各種原因都沒有獲得成功。 1958年初至1 968年底，屬于美國對東歐“演變”政策初步實踐的階段。在 這一階段，由于貿(mào)易管制政策及其立法的阻礙，也由于以國會為主的反共產(chǎn)主義 思潮在國內(nèi)占有很大的市場，，致使行政當局推行該政策的時候，只能在不觸動當 時的貿(mào)易管制法案的前提下進行，做一些邊緣性的工作。而約翰遜屆滿標志著美 國對東歐的“演變”政策初級階段的完成。1969年開始的尼克松政府大幅度地 調(diào)整了美國對東歐政策，尤其是修改了貿(mào)易管制政策，標志著美國對東歐社會主 義國家的“演變”政策進入了新的階段。 美國對東歐“演變”政策是美國基于現(xiàn)實的諸多考慮和顧忌而實施的一項對 東歐社會主義國家的基本政策，其目的是促使東歐國家向美國所期望的政策目標 演變，因此其政策及其行為都是“政治”性的，具有強烈的意識形態(tài)色彩，都是 為冷戰(zhàn)服務的。這導致了美國與東歐國家發(fā)展關(guān)系的時候患得患失、仿徨不前， 這也是這一時期該政策的進展不大、成果有限的基本原因。相反，西歐國家在與 東歐發(fā)展關(guān)系的時候更加注重經(jīng)濟利益因素，從而使西歐國家在發(fā)展與東歐的關(guān) 系方面走在了美國的前面。
[Abstract]:With regard to the study of the American policy on Eastern Europe during the cold war, the achievements made by the domestic academia are relatively small. Although foreign scholars have paid more attention to this subject, they are generally speaking, and their writings usually span a large span of time, basically through the cold war. On the basis of studying the diplomatic files that have been deciphered in the United States in recent years, this article analyzes and demonstrates the formation, establishment and implementation of the "evolution" policy of the United States to Eastern Europe on the basis of studying the diplomatic files that have been deciphered in the United States in recent years. For a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the US policy towards Eastern Europe in the Cold War era.
The eight socialist countries in Eastern Europe have an extremely important position in the Cold War era. They are not only a firm alliance and partner of the Soviet Union against the United States, but also an important bargaining chip for the Soviet Union to maintain the strategic balance of the East and the West. Therefore, the United States attaches great importance to the policy of Eastern Europe and tries to disintegrate the society with the victory of the Eastern European policy. The camp of Marxism isolated and attacked the Soviet Union and finally won the cold war.
Therefore, after the war, all the governments of the United States have sought to formulate a policy to promote Eastern European countries to break away from the Soviet Camp and finally give up the socialist system. The policy of containment of the Truman administration and the "liberation" policy of the early Eisenhower administration are all different strategies to achieve this goal. The pace of the Soviet Union's cold war has speeded up. The relations between the United States and the Soviet Union have gone into dialogue, and the relations between the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe also developed from strict unilateral absolute control to the direction of mild cooperation. In this new international situation, a provocative "liberation" policy can not only bring good results, but also, it may also deteriorate the United States and the Soviet Union. Relations, impeding the process of the cold war and even provoking conflict and even war. Since 1955, the United States, under the precondition of "Emancipation", began to gradually examine and adjust its policy to Eastern Europe. By the autumn of 1956, the United States completely abandoned the fantasy of "emancipating" Eastern Europe because of the Poland incident and the Hungarian incident. We need to find a realistic and feasible East European policy suitable for the new international situation.
In May 1958, the National Security Council made and passed the NSC5811 / 1 document, which was a programmatic document of the United States' policy to Eastern European countries. It marked the formal establishment of the "evolution" policy. The United States' new policy on "evolution" in Eastern Europe was essentially different from the former "liberation" policy, and it gave up communism to Eastern European countries. The hostile attitude of the party regime also abandoned the fantasy of overthrowing the current government through the uprising of the Eastern European countries, and advocated the establishment and strengthening of normal political, economic and cultural ties with the Eastern European countries to encourage and encourage Eastern European countries to gradually escape from the control of the Soviet Union and eventually "evolve" to the western capitalist system.
The achievement of the Eisenhower administration is to establish the "evolution" policy and make it the basic policy of successive governments to Eastern Europe. In its appointment, in addition to the development of the relationship between the United States and Poland and Yugoslavia, especially the economic and trade, the United States and Eastern Europe are the beginning of the "evolution" policy. The relationship between the state is mainly confined to the field of establishing normal diplomatic relations. While the Kennedy and Johnson governments, the relations between the United States and the Eastern European countries are mainly in the field of economic and trade.
The exhibition is interested in the economic and trade relations of the United States, so the development of trade relations has become the "evolution" of the US towards Eastern Europe.
The main means of policy. However, in the face of the growing relationship between the United States and Eastern European countries, from the time of the Truman administration,
The establishment of a trade control policy to curb and weaken the strength of socialist countries has become a further development of bilateral relations.
The first obstacle to expansion and expansion is that the Kennedy and Johnson governments try to control the existing trade policy.
For revision, however, it has not been successful for various reasons.
From the beginning of 1958 to the end of 1968, it belongs to the stage of initial practice of "evolution" policy in Eastern Europe.
At this stage, the trade control policy and its legislation are hindered, as well as the anti communism based on Congress.
The trend of thought occupies a large market in China, so that when the administration implements the policy, it can not be touched.
At the time of the trade control bill, we do some marginal work. Johnson's expiry marks the United States.
China's completion of the primary stage of the "evolution" policy in Eastern Europe began in the.1969 Nixon government.
The US policy towards Eastern Europe has been adjusted, especially the trade control policy.
The "evolution" policy of the righteous countries has entered a new stage.
The United States' policy of "evolution" to Eastern Europe is a pair of policies implemented by the United States on the basis of many realistic considerations and considerations.
The basic policy of Eastern European socialist countries is to promote the policy objectives of Eastern European countries to the United States.
Therefore, its policies and actions are "political" and have strong ideological color.
It served the cold war, which led to the development of relations between the United States and Eastern European countries.
This is also the basic reason for the limited progress and limited results of the policy in this period.
In the course of developing relations in Eastern Europe, we paid more attention to economic factors and made western European countries develop ties with Eastern Europe.
The Department is in front of the United States.
【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K712

【引證文獻】

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