本文選題：18世紀(jì) + 倫敦與北京��； 參考：《重慶師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：對(duì)18世紀(jì)的世界歷史進(jìn)行考察,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),商業(yè)的發(fā)展,貿(mào)易在數(shù)量和種類上的擴(kuò)大是世界整體變動(dòng)的主流方向。其中,城市的作用在顯著地提高。人口規(guī)模的增長(zhǎng),商業(yè)專業(yè)化的出現(xiàn)使城市成為引領(lǐng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。在諸多城市中,作為帝國(guó)首都的大城市往往能夠獲得更佳的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)。它們借助強(qiáng)有力的王權(quán),取得政治上的優(yōu)勢(shì)地位;它們擁有貴族和仕宦代表的國(guó)家統(tǒng)治階層能夠創(chuàng)造廣大的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng),吸引著商業(yè)的投入和商人們的服務(wù)。18世紀(jì)時(shí),首都基本上成為了國(guó)家的貿(mào)易中心和貨物集散地,這同時(shí)引領(lǐng)著商人階層在大城市發(fā)展。 作為東西方首都的代表城市——北京和倫敦,其中的商人階層有著共同特點(diǎn),但是更多的是不同特點(diǎn)。本文通過將商人階層分為上中下三個(gè)等級(jí)進(jìn)行考察,得出以下結(jié)論:兩座城市的商人階層在等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模等方面都有著相似之處。首先,商人的數(shù)量和財(cái)富隨著整個(gè)城市的發(fā)展而增長(zhǎng),社會(huì)各階層的成員都有轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯倘说目赡?其次,商人的經(jīng)營(yíng)項(xiàng)目分工明確,商人貿(mào)易的場(chǎng)所趨于固定,各種行業(yè)的商人也都組成了相應(yīng)的組織商幫或行會(huì),商業(yè)團(tuán)體壟斷了商品的制作運(yùn)輸和銷售,形成了商業(yè)體系,這是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的進(jìn)步;第三,城市商業(yè)的發(fā)展吸引了來(lái)自各地的商人手工業(yè)者。特別是在最底層商人中,有很多人是遷徙進(jìn)城市中謀生的;最后,商人階層推動(dòng)了大型消費(fèi)城市的發(fā)展,成為奢侈生活的代表。 與共性相比,更多的則是兩座城市商人階層的差異性。第一,兩座城市之間商人階層與政府官吏之間的關(guān)系存在著差異。雖然兩座城市的最上層商人都與各自的政府有著緊密的聯(lián)系,但是其本質(zhì)上有著明確的不同。第二,商人對(duì)國(guó)家政策制度的創(chuàng)建的影響力極為不同。倫敦商人可以擁有制定政策的權(quán)利,北京商人卻只能順從于清王朝的政策,無(wú)法改變。第三,在形成中產(chǎn)階級(jí)力量的過程中的地位不同。在倫敦,商人階層是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的骨干力量,在北京,則沒有形成以商人階層為主導(dǎo)的階層。第四,商人的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式與生活狀態(tài)不同。倫敦已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代公司制度,商業(yè)資本投入到生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域,帶來(lái)工業(yè)革命;北京則仍是傳統(tǒng)鋪戶經(jīng)營(yíng),“前店后場(chǎng)”的手工業(yè)形式?jīng)]有改變。第五,商人的財(cái)富觀念有顯著不同,倫敦的商人階層追求的是商業(yè)利潤(rùn),北京的商人階層追求的是金銀貨幣。第六,對(duì)待科學(xué)技術(shù)的觀念不同。倫敦商人熱心科技,而北京商人保守封閉。
[Abstract]:By investigating the world history of the 18th century, we can find that the development of commerce and the expansion of trade in quantity and variety are the main trend of the whole world change. Among them, the role of the city is significantly improved. The growth of population scale and the appearance of commercial specialization make the city the key to leading economic development. In many cities, big cities as imperial capitals tend to get better development opportunities. With the help of a powerful Wang Quan, they gained political dominance; their ruling class, represented by aristocrats and officialdom, was able to create a vast consumer market, attracting business input and the services of businessmen in the 18th century. The capital basically became the country's trading center and distribution center, which also led to the development of the merchant class in the big cities. As the representative cities of East and West, Beijing and London share common but different characteristics. This article divides the merchant stratum into the upper middle and lower levels to investigate the following conclusions: the two cities in the hierarchy structure management scale and other aspects have similarities. First, the number and wealth of businessmen increase with the development of the whole city, and the members of all walks of life have the possibility of turning into businessmen. Secondly, the division of labor between businessmen 'business projects is clear, and the places for merchants' trade tend to be fixed. Businessmen of various trades have also formed corresponding organizations of trade groups or guilds, and commercial groups have monopolized the production, transportation and sale of commodities, thus forming a commercial system, which is the progress of economic development; third, The development of urban commerce has attracted businessmen and craftsmen from all over the world. Especially in the bottom of the merchant, many people migrated to the city to earn a living; finally, the merchant class promoted the development of the large consumer city and became the representative of luxury life. Compared with the common, more is the difference between the two city businessman stratum. First, the relationship between the merchant class and government officials is different between the two cities. Although the top businessmen in both cities are closely linked to their respective governments, they are essentially distinct. Second, the influence of businessmen on the creation of national policy system is very different. London businessmen have the power to make policies, but Beijing businessmen can only comply with the Qing Dynasty's policies, can not change. Third, the position in the process of forming a middle class force is different. In London, the merchant class is the backbone of the middle class, while in Beijing there is no class dominated by the merchant class. Fourth, the businessman's management style and living condition are different. Modern corporate systems have emerged in London, where commercial capital has been invested in production, bringing about the industrial revolution; Beijing is still a traditional shop, and the handicraft form of "front shop and back court" has not changed. Fifth, there are significant differences in the concept of wealth among businessmen. The merchant class in London pursues commercial profits, and the merchant class in Beijing pursues gold and silver currencies. Sixth, the concept of science and technology is different. London businessmen are keen on technology, while Beijing businessmen are conservative and closed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K14

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