本文選題：墨西哥石油國(guó)有化改革 + 卡德納斯改革��； 參考：《首都師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：1938年3月18日墨西哥總統(tǒng)卡德納斯通過電臺(tái)向全世界宣布了石油國(guó)有化改革的聲明,從即日起墨西哥將十七家外國(guó)石油公司收歸國(guó)有,其中包括皇家殼牌、新澤西美孚、加利福尼亞標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油公司等石油巨頭的墨西哥分公司。本文主要探究從1938至1941年美國(guó)政府對(duì)墨西哥石油國(guó)有化改革的政策的變化過程。 在墨西哥石油國(guó)有化改革前夕,美國(guó)政府沒有直接介入石油公司與墨西哥之間的石油紛爭(zhēng),它并未形成明確的應(yīng)對(duì)政策。雖然美國(guó)政府非常關(guān)注海外的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,但是它基本未對(duì)墨西哥的勞資糾紛作出傾向于石油公司的回應(yīng),因?yàn)樗埠芸粗孛乐薜姆�(wěn)定。卡德納斯政府之所以敢于宣布那樣的聲明,就是很好地把握住了美國(guó)政府對(duì)拉美地區(qū)政策調(diào)整的契機(jī)。為了與鞏固美洲國(guó)家穩(wěn)定和不干涉其他美洲國(guó)家內(nèi)政的承諾相一致,美國(guó)政府將努力維持睦鄰友好政策的誠(chéng)信度,從而給予石油公司有限的支持。 從卡德納斯政府開始石油國(guó)有化改革至二戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)美國(guó)政府對(duì)墨西哥石油國(guó)有化改革的政策從強(qiáng)硬轉(zhuǎn)向有所緩和。美國(guó)政府希望通過對(duì)墨西哥采取強(qiáng)硬政策表示它對(duì)此類舉措的抗議,威懾其他拉美國(guó)家不要仿效墨西哥,從而維護(hù)美國(guó)的海外經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。而且,它還配合英美石油公司對(duì)墨西哥施行經(jīng)濟(jì)抵制措施,迫使卡德納斯政府終止石油國(guó)有化改革,從而恢復(fù)石油公司對(duì)墨西哥石油資源的控制。但是,考慮到墨西哥民眾高漲的民族民主主義情感、整個(gè)美洲的防御安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)抵制措施所取得的實(shí)際效果,美國(guó)政府的政策開始有所緩和。 從1939年9月至1941年11月美國(guó)政府對(duì)墨西哥石油國(guó)有化改革采取了逐漸妥協(xié)的政策。二戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)加大了法西斯國(guó)家對(duì)美洲防御的威脅,為了保持整個(gè)美洲的穩(wěn)定和加固美洲國(guó)家的團(tuán)結(jié),美國(guó)政府對(duì)墨西哥石油國(guó)有化改革的政策從緩和轉(zhuǎn)至妥協(xié)。在這個(gè)政策基調(diào)下,再加上國(guó)內(nèi)巨大的政治壓力,羅斯福政府提出了仲裁建議,這表明美國(guó)政府對(duì)墨西哥石油國(guó)有化改革正式開始采取妥協(xié)政策。1940年5月1日,卡德納斯政府正式宣布它與辛克萊石油公司簽署了賠償協(xié)定,這進(jìn)一步動(dòng)搖了美國(guó)政府維護(hù)石油公司利益的決心。與此同時(shí),德國(guó)在歐洲戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的節(jié)節(jié)勝利加劇了美國(guó)政府對(duì)美洲防御的擔(dān)憂,這促使它進(jìn)一步推行妥協(xié)政策以加快解決美墨石油紛爭(zhēng)。隨著美日關(guān)系和太平洋局勢(shì)的日益惡化,為了確保墨西哥的軍事合作,美國(guó)政府決定以國(guó)防利益為重,不再勸服頑固的石油公司接受初步賠償協(xié)定。1941年11月19日,美墨政府就石油紛爭(zhēng)簽署了正式的賠償協(xié)定。
[Abstract]:On March 18, 1938, Mexican President Cardenas announced a radio announcement to the world on the reform of the nationalization of oil. From this day on, Mexico nationalized 17 foreign oil companies, including Royal Shell, New Jersey Mobil. The Mexican branch of oil giants such as California Standard Oil. This paper mainly explores the change process of American government's policy on Mexican nationalization reform from 1938 to 1941. On the eve of the Mexican oil nationalization reform, the U.S. government did not directly intervene in the oil dispute between oil companies and Mexico, and it did not have a clear policy to deal with it. Although the U.S. government is very concerned about economic interests abroad, it has largely failed to respond to Mexico's industrial disputes in favor of oil companies because it also values stability in the Americas. The reason the Cardenas government dared to announce such a statement was to seize the opportunity for the U.S. government to adjust its policy toward Latin America. In keeping with the commitment to consolidate the stability of the Americas and non-interference in the internal affairs of other American countries, the United States Government will strive to maintain the integrity of its good-neighbourly policy, thereby providing limited support to oil companies. From the start of the Cardenas government's oil nationalization reform to the outbreak of World War II, the U.S. government's policy on Mexico's oil nationalization reform has shifted from tough to moderate. The U.S. government wants to defend its overseas economic interests by taking a tough policy against Mexico to show its protest against such moves, and to deter other Latin American countries from following Mexico's example. In addition, it has cooperated with Anglo American to impose an economic boycott on Mexico, forcing the Cardenas government to end the reform of nationalization of oil, thereby restoring oil companies control of Mexico's oil resources. But, given the high levels of national democracy in Mexico and the practical effects of defense security and economic boycotts across the Americas, U.S. policy has begun to ease. From September 1939 to November 1941, the United States government adopted a gradual compromise policy on the Mexican oil nationalization reform. The outbreak of World War II increased the threat of fascist countries to the defense of the Americas. In order to maintain the stability of the entire Americas and strengthen the unity of the American countries, the policy of the United States government on the nationalization of Mexican oil changed from detente to compromise. On the basis of this policy tone, coupled with enormous domestic political pressure, the Roosevelt administration put forward an arbitration proposal, which indicated that the United States government had formally begun to adopt a compromise policy on Mexico's nationalization reform. On May 1, 1940, The Cardenas government's official announcement that it signed a compensation agreement with Sinclair has further shaken the U.S. government's determination to defend oil companies' interests. At the same time, Germany's victory in Europe has heightened U.S. government concerns about American defense, prompting it to pursue further compromises to speed up the settlement of the dispute over oil between the United States and Mexico. With the worsening of U.S.-Japan relations and the situation in the Pacific, and in order to ensure Mexican military cooperation, the United States Government decided to put defense interests first and not to persuade stubborn oil companies to accept the preliminary compensation agreement. November 19, 1941, The US and Mexico government signed a formal compensation agreement over the oil dispute.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：F416.22;K712

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