本文選題：蘇聯(lián)共產(chǎn)黨 + 公信力　； 參考：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：執(zhí)政黨公信力是指執(zhí)政黨在執(zhí)政過程中通過發(fā)揮自己的影響力和號召力、塑造民眾信心并兌現(xiàn)承諾而贏得民眾信任的能力,是民眾對執(zhí)政黨認(rèn)同度和信任度的反映。無產(chǎn)階級政黨是工人階級奪取政權(quán)、獲得解放的工具,它的力量來自人民群眾的信任和支持。二十世紀(jì)初,布爾什維克成為世界上第一個贏得廣大人民群眾的信任并執(zhí)政的無產(chǎn)階級政黨。在二十世紀(jì)二、三十年代,蘇共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)蘇聯(lián)人民一國建設(shè)社會主義,僅僅用了十幾年的時間就跑完了英國需要上百年、德國需要六十多年才能走完的工業(yè)化路程,成為歐洲最強(qiáng)大的國家。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中,蘇共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)蘇聯(lián)人民打敗了德國法西斯,贏得了偉大衛(wèi)國戰(zhàn)爭的勝利,為挽救人類文明做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,蘇共的威望在國際國內(nèi)空前高漲,社會主義由一國擴(kuò)展到多國,形成了足以與西方資本主義陣營抗衡的強(qiáng)大的世界社會主義陣營。但是,在二十世紀(jì)接近尾聲的時候,蘇共在既沒有外部打擊、也沒有內(nèi)部強(qiáng)大敵人的情況下自動垮臺,國際共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動也因此遭受嚴(yán)重挫折。蘇共垮臺的根本原因是失去了人民的信任。蘇聯(lián)曾經(jīng)在思想上和政治上對中國產(chǎn)生深刻的影響。研究蘇共公信力形成與喪失的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),不僅具有重大的學(xué)術(shù)價值,而且對于加強(qiáng)中國共產(chǎn)黨的建設(shè),推進(jìn)中國特色社會主義事業(yè)的發(fā)展,具有重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)使俄國經(jīng)濟(jì)瀕臨崩潰,廣大人民群眾生活水平迅速下降。工人、農(nóng)民和士兵提出了和平、土地、面包的要求,布爾什維克的反戰(zhàn)政策贏得了人民群眾的信任。十月革命勝利后,蘇維埃政權(quán)通過了《和平法令》,向一切交戰(zhàn)國的人民和政府建議,立即締結(jié)沒有兼并沒有賠款的和約。在蘇維埃政府的建議遭到所有協(xié)約國的抵制的情況下,蘇維埃政府單獨(dú)與德奧集團(tuán)開始和談,并以巨大的代價簽訂了布列斯特和約。蘇俄雖然喪失了近百萬平方公里土地,賠款六十億馬克,但是擺脫了帝國主義戰(zhàn)爭,為人民群眾贏得了寶貴的和平喘息機(jī)會。蘇維埃政權(quán)實(shí)行工人監(jiān)督,把土地?zé)o償交給農(nóng)民使用,保障了人民群眾當(dāng)家做主的民主權(quán)利。新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策用糧食稅代替余糧征集制,國家允許農(nóng)民自由支配上繳國家糧食稅后剩下的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,使農(nóng)民獲得了物質(zhì)刺激,推動了農(nóng)民擴(kuò)大經(jīng)營、增加播種面積的積極性,滿足了農(nóng)民的面包要求。文化革命堅持唯物主義,鞏固了馬克思主義在俄國的指導(dǎo)地位。 斯大林時期,聯(lián)共(布)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)蘇聯(lián)人民一國建設(shè)社會主義,遵循兩種制度和平共處的外交原則,與資本主義國家發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與貿(mào)易。在西方資本主義國家經(jīng)歷空前嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時候,蘇聯(lián)成為世界市場上西方技術(shù)和機(jī)器設(shè)備的最大買主。蘇聯(lián)的訂貨不僅有助于蘇聯(lián)的社會主義工業(yè)化,而且改善了資本主義國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況,減輕了西方國家工人失業(yè)的痛苦。當(dāng)法西斯主義興起、世界和平受到威脅的時候,蘇聯(lián)致力于建立歐洲集體安全體系,堅決捍衛(wèi)遭受法西斯主義侵略的國家的利益。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,蘇聯(lián)成為世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭的主要力量,為戰(zhàn)勝法西斯做出了決定性的貢獻(xiàn)。蘇聯(lián)衛(wèi)國戰(zhàn)爭勝利后,蘇聯(lián)忠于社會主義國際主義原則,不僅從道義上和政治上支持為民族獨(dú)立而斗爭的歐亞人民民主國家,而且對遭受戰(zhàn)爭損失的歐亞人民民主國家給予巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助,為保衛(wèi)世界和平做出了新的貢獻(xiàn),蘇共公信力得到進(jìn)一步提升。 赫魯曉夫時期,蘇聯(lián)卷入美蘇軍備競賽,大力發(fā)展導(dǎo)彈核武器,逐漸超越了自衛(wèi)的限度,先后挑起柏林危機(jī)和加勒比海危機(jī),給世界和平帶來嚴(yán)重威脅。在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,蘇聯(lián)用行政命令推廣玉米種植,縮減了蘇聯(lián)高產(chǎn)作物冬小麥的種植面積；改組拖拉機(jī)站,卻使集體農(nóng)莊背上了沉重的債務(wù)；限制自留地的生產(chǎn),打擊了農(nóng)民的勞動積極性。由于沒有把市場機(jī)制引入農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),蘇聯(lián)農(nóng)業(yè)改革的最終失敗,造成面包危機(jī)。在意識形態(tài)領(lǐng)域,蘇共違背馬克思主義的基本原理,提出“全民國家”和“全民黨”的理論,鼓勵了解凍思潮中抽象的人道主義的發(fā)展,動搖了蘇共在人民心中的威信。 勃列日涅夫時期,蘇聯(lián)在十分有利的國際國內(nèi)形勢下,發(fā)動了一個與美國爭奪實(shí)力范圍的全球性擴(kuò)張攻勢,甚至直接出兵阿富汗,中斷了國際緊張局勢緩和的進(jìn)程,破壞了世界和平。由于中止了“新經(jīng)濟(jì)體制”改革,蘇聯(lián)日益復(fù)雜的計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制需要更多的管理機(jī)構(gòu)和增加更多的管理人員,干部隊伍不斷膨脹。勃列日涅夫?yàn)榱吮３指刹筷犖榈姆�(wěn)定性,修改蘇共黨章第25條,為蘇聯(lián)特權(quán)階層的形成創(chuàng)造了有利的環(huán)境。勃列日涅夫時期,蘇共黨內(nèi)形成了一個特權(quán)階層。這個特權(quán)階層阻礙了社會主義民主的發(fā)展。在思想文化領(lǐng)域,蘇共用行政手段強(qiáng)化意識形態(tài)控制,導(dǎo)致持不同政見者運(yùn)動的出現(xiàn),消解了蘇共意識形態(tài)對人民群眾的影響,蘇共公信力進(jìn)一步下降。 戈爾巴喬夫時期,蘇共制定加速發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,優(yōu)先發(fā)展機(jī)器制造業(yè),擠占了發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)和輕工業(yè)的資金,加重了通貨膨脹的壓力,造成消費(fèi)品的短缺。在加速發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略沒有達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果的情況下,戈爾巴喬夫把改革的重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)入政治領(lǐng)域,提出以抽象的人道主義為指導(dǎo)思想的“新思維”�！肮_性”破壞了蘇共和社會主義制度的威信,“民主化”使蘇聯(lián)社會主義民主演變?yōu)槲鞣劫Y產(chǎn)階級民主。蘇共放棄民主集中制的組織原則和馬克思主義的指導(dǎo)地位,蛻變?yōu)樯鐣裰鼽h,降低了黨組織的戰(zhàn)斗力,斬斷了維系蘇聯(lián)統(tǒng)一的紐帶。民族主義趁勢而起,使蘇聯(lián)長期被壓抑的民族問題浮出水面,并迅速演化為族際沖突,造成政治局勢的巨大動蕩,蘇共公信力完全喪失。 考察蘇共公信力形成與喪失的歷史過程,可以得出結(jié)論：和平問題是影響蘇共公信力形成與喪失的重要因素,面包問題是影響蘇共公信力形成與喪失的基礎(chǔ)因素,民主問題是影響蘇共公信力形成與喪失的關(guān)鍵因素,意識形態(tài)問題是影響蘇共公信力形成與喪失的深層因素。面包問題就是民生問題。和平、民生、民主和意識形態(tài)問題,并不是孤立的四個問題。它們有著內(nèi)在的邏輯聯(lián)系。只有實(shí)現(xiàn)社會主義民主,才能調(diào)動廣大人民群眾的勞動積極性,從而解決民生問題。只有在國內(nèi)建設(shè)好民主,才能進(jìn)而把民主推廣到國際社會,實(shí)現(xiàn)世界和平。只有和平、民主和民生問題都得到了解決,執(zhí)政黨的意識形態(tài)才能得到廣大群眾乃至國際社會的認(rèn)同,從而鞏固和提升執(zhí)政黨的公信力。因此,民主問題是執(zhí)政黨贏得人民群眾信任的關(guān)鍵因素。 民主作為管理社會的形式,迄今為止,已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了從低級到高級的五種歷史狀態(tài),即從原始社會民主、奴隸主階級民主、封建貴族民主、資產(chǎn)階級民主和無產(chǎn)階級民主。隨著社會主義向共產(chǎn)主義過渡,具有階級性的政治民主不斷向無階級的社會民主回歸。以馬克思主義為指導(dǎo)思想的共產(chǎn)黨是無產(chǎn)階級的利益代表,是推動政治民主向社會民主回歸的決定性力量。蘇共的垮臺,并非是馬克思主義和社會主義的失敗,而是蘇共背叛了馬克思主義,蛻變?yōu)樘貦?quán)階層謀取私利的工具,最終被廣大人民群眾所拋棄。深刻總結(jié)蘇共蛻變的歷史教訓(xùn),為社會主義國家執(zhí)政黨的建設(shè)提供有益歷史鏡鑒,必將推動國際共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動走出低谷,獲得偉大的復(fù)興。
[Abstract]:The credibility of the ruling party refers to the ability of the ruling party to create the confidence of the people and to honor the promise by giving full play to its influence and appeal in the process of being in power. It is the reflection of the people's recognition and trust in the ruling party. The proletarian party is a tool for the working class to seize power and get emancipated, and its strength comes from the people. The trust and support of the people. In the early twentieth Century, Bull J Vic became the first proletarian party in the world to win the trust and power of the masses. In twentieth Century two and 30s, the Soviet Communist Party led the Soviet people to build socialism. It took more than a decade to run the UK for a hundred years, Germany. In the Second World War, the Soviet people defeated the German Fascist in the Second World War and won the victory of the Great Patriotic War and made great contributions to the rescue of human civilization. After the end of the Second World War, the prestige of the Soviet Communist Party was in the world. As unprecedented, socialism expanded from one country to a number of countries, forming a powerful world socialist camp enough to compete with western capitalist camps. However, when the twentieth Century came to an end, the Soviet Communist Party collapsed under the circumstances of neither external shock nor strong internal enemies, and the international communist movement suffered. The fundamental reason for the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party was the loss of the trust of the people. The Soviet Union had a profound influence on China in ideology and politics. The study of the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party was not only of great academic value, but also for strengthening the construction of the Communist Party of China and promoting the social owners of Chinese characteristics. The development of the cause of righteousness is of great practical significance.
The first World War led to the collapse of the Russian economy and the rapid decline in the living standards of the masses. Workers, farmers and soldiers raised the demands of peace, land and bread. The Bolshevik anti war policy won the trust of the people. After the victory of the October revolution, the Soviet regime passed the peace decree to all the Warring States. In the case of the boycott of the Soviet government, the Soviet government began to negotiate with the deo group alone and signed the Brest peace treaty at a huge cost. The Soviet Russia lost nearly a million square kilometers of land and reparations six billion. Mark, but got rid of the imperialist war, won the precious peace and breath opportunity for the people. The Soviet regime carried out the supervision of the workers, made the land unpaid to the farmers, and guaranteed the democratic rights of the people to be the masters of the family. The new economic policy used the grain tax instead of the surplus grain collection system, and the state allowed the farmers to freely dominate the overturned country. The remaining agricultural products after the grain tax made the farmers get material stimulation, promoted the farmers to expand their management, increased the enthusiasm of the sown area, and met the farmers' demand for bread. The Cultural Revolution persisted in materialism and consolidated the guiding position of Marx in Russia.
During the Stalin period, the United Communist Party led the Soviet people to build socialism, followed the diplomatic principles of the peaceful coexistence of the two systems, and developed economic cooperation and trade with the capitalist countries. When the western capitalist countries experienced an unprecedented serious economic crisis, the Soviet Union became the largest western technology and machine equipment in the world market. The Soviet Union's order not only helped the socialist industrialization of the Soviet Union, but also improved the economic situation of the capitalist countries and alleviated the suffering of the workers in the western countries. When fascism rose and the world peace was threatened, the Soviet Union was committed to establishing a European collective security system and resolutely defending Fascism. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the Soviet Union became the main force of the world's anti fascist war and made a decisive contribution to the defeat of fascism. After the victory of the war of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union was loyal to the principle of socialist internationalism, which not only supported the European and Asian people who fought for national independence, both morally and politically. The democratic countries of the people's Republic of China and the huge economic assistance to the Eurasian democratic countries which suffered from the loss of war have made new contributions to the protection of world peace, and the credibility of the Communist Party has been further promoted.
During the Khrushchev period, the Soviet Union was involved in the armament competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, vigorously developing the missile nuclear weapons, gradually surpassing the limit of self-defense, and successively provoked the crisis in Berlin and the Caribbean Sea, which brought serious threat to the world peace. In the agricultural field, the Soviet Union used administrative orders to promote maize planting and reduce the planting area of the High-yield Winter Wheat in the Soviet Union. The reorganization of the tractor station has made the collective farm heavily indebtedness, and the restriction of the production of its own land has hit the enthusiasm of the peasants. Because of the failure to introduce the market mechanism to agricultural production, the final failure of the Soviet Union's agricultural reform has caused the bread crisis. In the ideological field, the Soviet Communist party violates the basic principles of Marx doctrine and puts forward the "whole" The theory of "people state" and "all the party" encouraged the development of abstract humanitarianism in the thaw trend and shook the prestige of the Soviet Communist Party in the hearts of the people.
During the Brezhnev period, the Soviet Union, under a very favorable international and domestic situation, launched a global expansion offensive to compete with the United States, even direct troops to Afghanistan, disrupted the process of easing the international tension and destroyed world peace. The Soviet Union's increasingly complex plan to discontinue the reform of the "new economic system" In order to maintain the stability of the cadre team, Brezhnev has created a favorable environment for the formation of the privileged stratum of the Soviet Union in order to maintain the stability of the cadre ranks, and has created a privileged environment for the formation of the privileged strata of the Soviet Union. In the period of Brezhnev, Brezhnev formed a privileged class in the party. The privileged class hindered the development of socialist democracy. In the ideological and cultural field, the Communist Party used administrative means to strengthen ideological control, which led to the emergence of the dissidents movement and the influence of the ideology of the Soviet Communist Party to the people, and the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party was further reduced.
During the period of Gorbachev, the Soviet Communist Party formulated the strategy of accelerating development, gave priority to the development of machine manufacturing industry, made up the funds for the development of agriculture and light industry, aggravated the pressure of inflation and caused the shortage of consumer goods. Under the circumstances that the accelerated development strategy did not achieve the expected effect, Gorbachev turned the focus of reform into the political field and put forward that The "openness" destroyed the prestige of the Soviet Communist Party and the socialist system, and the "democratization" made the socialist democracy of the Soviet Union the western bourgeois democracy. The Soviet Communist Party gave up the organizational principle of democratic centralism and the guiding position of Marx's main meaning, transformed into the Social Democratic Party, and reduced it to the Social Democratic Party. The fighting power of the party organization had been reduced and the ties of the Soviet Union were cut down. The nationalism took the advantage of the nationalism, which brought the Soviet Union's long repressed ethnic problems to the surface, and quickly evolved into inter ethnic conflicts, resulting in a huge political turmoil and the total loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party.
The historical process of investigating the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party can be concluded that the question of peace is an important factor affecting the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party. The issue of bread is the basic factor affecting the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Communist Party, and the Democratic question is the key factor affecting the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Communist Party, and the ideological problem is a shadow. The deep factors for the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party. The problem of bread is the livelihood of the people. Peace, people's livelihood, democracy and ideological issues are not isolated four problems. They have internal logical connections. Only by realizing socialist democracy can we mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses of the masses to solve the livelihood issues. In order to build a good democracy at home, we can further promote democracy to the international community and realize world peace. Only peace, democracy and people's livelihood have been solved. The ideology of the ruling party can be recognized by the masses and even the international community, thus consolidating and promoting the credibility of the ruling party. Therefore, the Democratic question is the ruling party winning the people. A key factor in the trust of the people.
As a form of managing society, democracy has so far gone through five historical states from low to high level, namely, from primitive social democracy, slave class democracy, feudal aristocratic democracy, bourgeois democracy and proletarian democracy. With the transition from socialism to communism, political democracy with class nature continues to become non class. The return of social democracy. The Communist Party, guided by Marx's doctrine, is the representative of the proletariat and the decisive force to promote the return of political democracy to social democracy. The collapse of the Soviet Communist Party is not the failure of Marx and socialism, but the Soviet Communist Party's betrayal of the Marx doctrine and the transformation of the privileged class to gain private interests. It is finally abandoned by the masses of the people. A profound summary of the historical lessons of the transformation of the Soviet Communist Party will provide a useful historical mirror for the construction of the ruling party in the socialist country, which will certainly push the international communist movement out of the valley and get a great revival.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K512.5;D351.2

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