本文選題：維多利亞時(shí)期 + 中產(chǎn)階級(jí)�。� 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 19世紀(jì)是英國(guó)工業(yè)化飛速發(fā)展的時(shí)期,在工業(yè)化和資本化的飛速前進(jìn)中,社會(huì)、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科學(xué)文化方面均發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化,然而在各方面的發(fā)展進(jìn)步中,在中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的婦女中出現(xiàn)了大量未婚的大齡女性,這一現(xiàn)象成為阻礙社會(huì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)協(xié)調(diào)的問(wèn)題。為解決這一問(wèn)題,政府、女權(quán)主義者、未婚大齡女性自身都進(jìn)行了斗爭(zhēng)和努力。直到19世紀(jì)末,經(jīng)過(guò)各方面的共同努力,未婚大齡女性擺脫了以往的惡劣形象,以一種嶄新的姿態(tài)活躍于社會(huì)。研究這一問(wèn)題,為人們把握19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)歷史提供了獨(dú)特視角,有助于全面了解工業(yè)化進(jìn)程下的英國(guó),在看到社會(huì)進(jìn)步的同時(shí),也關(guān)注社會(huì)的不協(xié)調(diào)現(xiàn)象,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)社會(huì)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者這一問(wèn)題鮮有涉及,只是在一些研究中涉及到此問(wèn)題時(shí)進(jìn)行較淺的分析。本文試圖彌補(bǔ)以上不足,對(duì)19世紀(jì)的未婚大齡女性問(wèn)題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的闡述和分析,并考察其原因,進(jìn)一步探討英國(guó)政府為解決這一問(wèn)題所采取的措施,以及婦女自身為此進(jìn)行的努力和斗爭(zhēng)等內(nèi)容。 大量資料表明,19世紀(jì),未婚大齡女性的生活狀態(tài)非常惡劣。中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的未婚大齡女性被閑散在家,受傳統(tǒng)家庭觀和婚姻觀的影響以及自身?xiàng)l件的限制,她們不能走出家門(mén)外出工作,似乎成為一個(gè)多余的群體,受到人們的批評(píng)和社會(huì)質(zhì)疑,在社會(huì)上以一種負(fù)面形象存在。而未婚大齡女性人數(shù)也在大量增加,成為亟待解決的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。導(dǎo)致這一問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)的原因包括海外殖民擴(kuò)大了男女比例的不平衡,使原本女性就多于男性的不平衡比例關(guān)系進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大；19世紀(jì)英國(guó)家庭的“門(mén)當(dāng)戶(hù)對(duì)”觀念,使女性在婚姻選擇上不能自主,并加劇了未婚女性完婚的難度。19世紀(jì)初期婦女的法律地位,使她們?cè)诨橐鲋刑幱诹觿?shì),她們對(duì)子女的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)、婚姻自由權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、受教育權(quán)、選舉權(quán)等都得不到保障。中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的女性在結(jié)婚前財(cái)產(chǎn)尚能屬于自身所有,婚后所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)包括自身都屬于其丈夫。這就導(dǎo)致女性對(duì)于婚姻的恐懼,使一些不甘于這種生活的女性不愿意進(jìn)入到婚姻狀態(tài),未婚大齡女性的數(shù)量增加。 從19世紀(jì)中期開(kāi)始,政府采取了一系列措施解決這一問(wèn)題。首先是通過(guò)政策鼓勵(lì)女性移民海外殖民地,并同移民到海外的英國(guó)男性結(jié)婚,但這一措施并沒(méi)有取得顯著成果。于是在女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的推動(dòng)下,政府通過(guò)了一系列保證婦女權(quán)益的法案。1882年的《已婚婦女財(cái)產(chǎn)法案》、1870年“教育法”、以及1928年通過(guò)的婦女選舉權(quán)法案,使得婦女在財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、受教育權(quán)及選舉權(quán)等方面的權(quán)益得到法律的保障。這一舉措取得了較好的效果。 與此同時(shí),中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的未婚大齡女性也為擺脫自身的負(fù)面形象進(jìn)行了積極的努力,主要集中在兩個(gè)方面：創(chuàng)辦刊物表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),喚起更多女性的自覺(jué)；積極投入到慈善活動(dòng)中去。未婚大齡女性尋找到了新生活,拓寬了自己的視野和社交領(lǐng)域,掌握了更多才能,而慈善活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展,也有助于緩解社會(huì)矛盾、維持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定,因而受到各階層的肯定,逐漸改變了人們對(duì)未婚大齡女性的偏見(jiàn)。未婚大齡女性以一種新形象重新走出家庭,走向社會(huì)。 通過(guò)對(duì)19世紀(jì)英國(guó)未婚大齡女性問(wèn)題的研究,可以得出結(jié)論,社會(huì)的發(fā)展需要各方面的全面進(jìn)步,尤其是人與社會(huì)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In the period of the rapid development of Britain's industrialization in nineteenth Century, in the rapid progress of industrialization and capitalization, social, political, economic and scientific and cultural changes have changed dramatically. However, in the development and progress of all aspects, large amount of unmarried older women have appeared among the middle class women. This phenomenon has hindered the social development. To solve this problem, the government, the feminist, the unmarried older women themselves have struggled and struggled to solve this problem. Until the end of the nineteenth Century, after all the joint efforts, the unmarried older women were free from the past bad images and were active in the society with a brand new attitude. The study of the problem was 19. The British history of the century provides a unique perspective, which helps to fully understand the process of industrialization in Britain. While seeing the progress of the society, it also pays attention to the disharmony of the society and promotes the coordinated development of the society. This paper tries to make up for the above deficiencies, systematically expounds and analyses the problems of unmarried older women in nineteenth Century, and examines the reasons for it, and further probes into the measures taken by the British government to solve the problem, as well as the efforts and struggles of the women themselves for this purpose.
A large number of information shows that in nineteenth Century, unmarried older women were living in a very bad state of life. The middle class unmarried older women were scattered at home, influenced by the traditional family outlook and the concept of marriage and their own conditions, and they could not go out and work out of the house, which seemed to be a superfluous group, criticized by people and questioned by the society. There is a negative image in society, and the number of unmarried older women is also increasing, becoming an urgent social problem. The reasons for this problem include the expansion of the imbalance in the proportion of men and women in the overseas colonies, the further expansion of the unbalance comparison between women and men; the British family in nineteenth Century. The concept of "right to the door" makes women incapable of marriage choice, and aggravates the legal status of women who are married to unmarried women in the early.19 century, making them disadvantaged in their marriage. Their custody, the right to freedom of marriage, the right to property, the right to education, the right to vote, and so on, are not guaranteed. Before marriage, property belongs to itself, and all property after marriage, including itself, belongs to her husband. This leads to women's fear of marriage, so that some women who are not willing to be willing to be married are unwilling to enter into marriage, and the number of unmarried older women increases.
Since the middle of the nineteenth Century, the government has taken a series of measures to solve the problem. First, it was to encourage women to immigrate to the overseas colonies and marry the British men who were immigrated abroad. But the measure did not achieve significant results. The government passed a series of bills to guarantee women's rights and interests, driven by the feminist movement. The.1882 "married women's property bill", the "Education Law" in 1870, and the women's electoral rights act adopted in 1928 make women's rights and interests in property rights, the right to education and the right to vote, which have been guaranteed by law. This measure has achieved good results.
At the same time, the middle class unmarried older women have made positive efforts to get rid of their negative image, mainly in two aspects: to set up their own views, to arouse more women's consciousness and to actively invest in charitable activities. The social field has mastered more talents, and the development of charity activities also helps to alleviate social contradictions and maintain social stability. Therefore, it has been affirmed by all classes and gradually changed people's prejudice to unmarried older women. The unmarried older women go out of the family and go to society with a new image.
Through the study of the problem of unmarried older women in Britain in nineteenth Century, we can draw a conclusion that the development of society needs comprehensive progress in all aspects, especially the coordinated development of people and society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K561.4

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 曾小琴;凱瑟琳·曼斯菲爾德小說(shuō)中女性的悲劇性存在[D];江西師范大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號(hào)：1997943