發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-04 09:29

  本文選題：法國(guó)大革命 + 共和主義　； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2007年碩士論文

【摘要】： 革命和共和,似乎未必有著必然的聯(lián)系。因?yàn)榍罢叽碇┝?而后者則意味著政治力量的平衡和尋求共同利益的意愿。而在法蘭西,這兩者是緊密地結(jié)合在一起的。法國(guó)大革命意味著和舊時(shí)代的終結(jié)和新時(shí)代的開(kāi)始,其中思想領(lǐng)域中的變革顯得尤為意義深遠(yuǎn),其在具體實(shí)踐中的能量也被發(fā)揮到極致。 在法國(guó)大革命開(kāi)始的五年中,共和主義的力量由弱而強(qiáng),逐漸成為主流的思想。共和主義在執(zhí)政的派別應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的國(guó)內(nèi)外局勢(shì)過(guò)程中起到重要作用,與此同時(shí),人們也開(kāi)始接受這種政治理念。在權(quán)力危機(jī)時(shí)刻,也只有共和主義的利刃才能割開(kāi)當(dāng)時(shí)政治上的死結(jié)。與此同時(shí),在革命進(jìn)程中,革命者也賦予了共和主義不同的意義,導(dǎo)致了其內(nèi)涵的一次次轉(zhuǎn)變,最終見(jiàn)證了王權(quán)的傾覆。 本文分為四章。 第一章追溯了法國(guó)共和主義的起源。一般認(rèn)為,法國(guó)共和主義的起源可以追溯到古代希臘、羅馬時(shí)期。早期的思想家們從探尋理想政體的角度對(duì)共和主義原則進(jìn)行了闡釋,提出了建立“共和政體”,注重權(quán)力之間的均分與平衡,提倡公民的美德。這一理論傳統(tǒng)在中世紀(jì)的城市國(guó)家中達(dá)到實(shí)踐的頂峰,并在近代的理論和實(shí)踐中得到繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)。特別是美國(guó)的共和主義實(shí)踐,給了法國(guó)深刻的啟示。 第二章主要敘述了法國(guó)共和主義的誕生。法國(guó)共和主義的真正起源可以認(rèn)為是從啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)開(kāi)始的。面對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)法國(guó)的國(guó)情,啟蒙思想家們對(duì)舊制度進(jìn)行了無(wú)情的抨擊,提出了某些改變法國(guó)面貌的主張。思想家們?cè)诶^承了前人精神、理論遺產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合法國(guó)的國(guó)情,主張建立一個(gè)共和國(guó)。大革命爆發(fā)之后,人們對(duì)共和主義的認(rèn)識(shí)日漸深入,瓦倫事件之后,共和主義在法國(guó)興起,民眾對(duì)君主極為失望,迫切要求建立一個(gè)共和國(guó)。 第三章分析了在革命的背景下,法國(guó)共和主義思想的繼承和轉(zhuǎn)變。法國(guó)大革命初期的共和主義并不是不成不變的。在君主立憲派執(zhí)政時(shí)期,共和主義開(kāi)始發(fā)展,性質(zhì)屬于比較溫和的。在法蘭西第一共和國(guó)建立之后,共和主義從溫和逐漸走向激進(jìn)。到山岳派執(zhí)政時(shí)期,共和主義完全偏離了它原來(lái)的方向,走向超激進(jìn)。 第四章總結(jié)了法國(guó)大革命初期共和主義的成就和不足。法國(guó)大革命五年之后,政治家們堅(jiān)定了共和主義理想,民眾也接受了共和主義思想。這五年中,共和主義原則得到確立,并形成了制訂憲法的傳統(tǒng)。同時(shí),在實(shí)踐中也有不足之處,比如權(quán)力關(guān)系的混亂、公民權(quán)利的受限等等。這些都是值得后人去總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)的。
[Abstract]:Revolution and republic, do not seem to have an inevitable link. The former represents violence, while the latter implies a balance of political power and a willingness to seek common interests. In France, the two are inextricably linked. The French Revolution means the end of the old era and the beginning of the new era. In the five years since the beginning of the French Revolution, the power of republicanism has gradually become the mainstream of thought. Republicanism plays an important role in dealing with the changing situation at home and abroad by the ruling faction, and at the same time, people begin to accept this political idea. In times of power crisis, only the blade of republicanism can open the political knot of that time. At the same time, in the process of revolution, revolutionaries also gave different meaning to republicanism, which led to the change of its connotation and finally witnessed the fall of Wang Quan. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter traces the origin of French republicanism. It is generally believed that the origin of French republicanism dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. The early thinkers explained the principle of republicanism from the angle of exploring the ideal regime, put forward the establishment of "Republican regime", paid attention to the equalization and balance of power, and advocated the virtue of citizens. This theoretical tradition reached the peak of practice in medieval urban countries and was inherited and carried forward in modern theory and practice. In particular, the practice of republicanism in the United States has given France profound enlightenment. The second chapter mainly narrates the birth of French republicanism. The real origin of French republicanism can be regarded as the beginning of the Enlightenment. Faced with the national conditions of France at that time, enlightenment thinkers attacked the old system mercilessly and put forward some ideas to change the face of France. On the basis of inheriting the spirit of forefathers and theoretical heritage, the thinkers advocated the establishment of a republic in combination with the national conditions of France. After the outbreak of the Great Revolution, people's understanding of republicanism gradually deepened. After the Wallen incident, republicanism rose in France, and the people were extremely disappointed with the monarch and urgently demanded the establishment of a republic. The third chapter analyzes the inheritance and transformation of French Republican thought under the background of revolution. Republicanism in the early days of the French Revolution was not inflexible. In the constitutional monarchy period, republicanism began to develop, the nature of a more moderate. After the establishment of the French first Republic, republicanism gradually moved from moderation to radicalism. By the time the mountain school came to power, republicanism had completely deviated from its original direction to ultra-radical. Chapter four summarizes the achievements and shortcomings of republicanism in the early period of the French Revolution. Five years after the French Revolution, politicians hardened the idea of republicanism and the populace accepted it. During these five years, the principle of republicanism was established and the tradition of constitution was formed. At the same time, there are some shortcomings in practice, such as the confusion of power relations, the restriction of civil rights and so on. These are worthy of future generations to sum up experience and lessons.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K565.4

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