本文選題：近代英國 + 大饑荒�。� 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：19世紀(jì)中期，英國率先完成工業(yè)革命,城市人口比例首次超過50%,成為世界上第一個(gè)初步實(shí)現(xiàn)城市化的國家。工業(yè)化和城市化不僅為英國帶來了巨大的財(cái)富和榮譽(yù)，也帶來了一系列的社會問題。如何處理外來人口與城市發(fā)展的關(guān)系，是英國在城市化進(jìn)程中必須著重解決的問題之一。19世紀(jì)中期英國大量農(nóng)村人口涌入城市，而當(dāng)時(shí)城市發(fā)展還不完善，有限的城市資源和市政管理一時(shí)難以滿足人口的暴增，外來人口與城市發(fā)展之間的矛盾越來越尖銳。本文力圖以19世紀(jì)中期愛爾蘭天主教移民這一外來群體作為切入點(diǎn)，探討外來人口與英國城市發(fā)展的關(guān)系。 19世紀(jì)40年代末愛爾蘭發(fā)生大饑荒，大量貧困的愛爾蘭人移民到英國的城鎮(zhèn)和工業(yè)中心。這一時(shí)期的愛爾蘭移民大多數(shù)是來自農(nóng)村和偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的天主教徒,文化素質(zhì)低，沒有一技之長且生活貧困。在英國，，他們主要居住在工人階級的貧民窟里，從事最底層的重體力工作，報(bào)酬低、工作條件差，惡劣的工作和生活環(huán)境使移民備受摧殘。本文之所以把愛爾蘭天主教移民作為考察對象，是因?yàn)檫@一群體在經(jīng)濟(jì)條件、宗教信仰和生活習(xí)慣上與英國的主流群體存在很大的差異。 愛爾蘭天主教移民為爭取在新環(huán)境下生存的權(quán)利而努力抗?fàn)帲叛鲂陆痰挠髁魅后w敵視和排斥愛爾蘭天主教移民,使他們很難快速融入到新的城市環(huán)境中。在排斥與抗?fàn)幹�，移民與主流社會的矛盾不斷激化，經(jīng)常發(fā)生流血沖突。19世紀(jì)中期愛爾蘭天主教移民與主流社會的沖突有兩次高潮時(shí)期：第一次發(fā)生在40年代末到50年代的大饑荒和反“教皇入侵”期間；第二次發(fā)生在60年代到70年代初。受愛爾蘭天主教移民工作性質(zhì)的影響，沖突主要發(fā)生在工人階級聚居區(qū)，那些在重體力行業(yè)工作的愛爾蘭勞工和英國的其他工人群體是暴力事件的主體。暴力事件通常源于個(gè)人或小范圍的爭執(zhí)，但因英國民眾對愛爾蘭天主教移民所存在的固有偏見和敵視，以及新教牧師的煽動(dòng)而擴(kuò)大，最終釀成大的騷亂。這一時(shí)期英國經(jīng)濟(jì)和城市危機(jī)的爆發(fā)，新教對天主教會恢復(fù)圣統(tǒng)制的抵制，芬尼亞組織的恐怖襲擊等，都加劇了愛爾蘭天主教移民與英國主流群體之間的緊張關(guān)系。工人階級的貧困是暴力沖突的根源，而自由資本主義主導(dǎo)下的資源分配不公是導(dǎo)致工人階級貧困的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?暴力沖突使愛爾蘭天主教徒和英國其他群體都遭受了嚴(yán)重的物質(zhì)和精神損失，對當(dāng)時(shí)英國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和社會的穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生了消極影響。同時(shí)，暴力沖突進(jìn)一步暴露了英國住房、公共衛(wèi)生和貧困等社會問題，政府逐漸放棄自由放任政策，加快社會改革的步伐。盡管受到主流社會的排斥，但愛爾蘭移民在天主教的幫助下逐漸地融入英國社會。另外，暴力沖突對愛爾蘭人民族意識的覺醒起到推波助瀾的作用，推動(dòng)了愛爾蘭獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In the mid-19th century, Britain took the lead in the industrial revolution, and the proportion of urban population exceeded 50 for the first time, becoming the first country in the world to initially realize urbanization. Industrialization and urbanization not only brought great wealth and honor to Britain, but also brought about a series of social problems. How to deal with the relationship between foreign population and urban development is one of the problems that must be solved in the process of urbanization in Britain. In the middle of 19th century, a large number of rural people in Britain poured into cities, but the urban development was not perfect. Limited urban resources and municipal management are difficult to meet the population explosion, and the contradiction between the foreign population and urban development is becoming more and more acute. This paper attempts to explore the relationship between the foreign population and the urban development of the United Kingdom from the point of view of the immigrant group of Irish Catholic immigrants in the middle of the 19th century. There was a famine in Ireland in the late 1840s, and a large number of poor Irish emigrated to Britain's towns and industrial centres. The Irish immigrants of this period were mostly Catholics from rural and remote areas, with poor literacy, skills and poverty. In Britain, they live mainly in working-class slums, where they work at the lowest levels of heavy labor, with low pay, poor working conditions, and poor working and living conditions that ravage immigrants. The reason why the Irish Catholic immigrants are investigated in this paper is that the economic conditions, religious beliefs and living habits of this group are quite different from those of the mainstream groups in Britain. Irish Catholic immigrants struggle for the right to live in a new environment, but the hostility and rejection of the English mainstream group make it difficult for them to quickly integrate into the new urban environment. In the process of exclusion and struggle, the contradiction between immigrants and mainstream society has been intensified. The conflicts between the Irish Catholic immigrants and the mainstream society had two climaxes: the first occurred during the famine and the anti-papal invasion from the late 1940s to the 1950s; The second occurred in the 1960s and early 1970s. Under the influence of the nature of the work of Irish Catholic immigrants, conflicts mainly occurred in working-class areas. Irish workers working in heavy industries and other groups of British workers were the main subjects of violence. Violence usually stems from personal or minor disputes, but it is exacerbated by the inherent prejudice and hostility of the British towards Irish Catholic immigrants, and by the incitement of Protestant priests, leading to widespread unrest. During this period the outbreak of economic and urban crises Protestant resistance to the restoration of the Catholic Church and the terrorist attacks organized by Finnians all increased the tension between the Irish Catholic immigrants and the mainstream British community. The poverty of the working class is the root of the violent conflict, and the unfair distribution of resources under the domination of liberal capitalism is the chief culprit of the poverty of the working class. The violent conflict caused serious material and spiritual losses to Irish Catholics and other groups in England, which had a negative impact on the economic development and social stability of the United Kingdom at that time. At the same time, the violent conflict further exposed the British housing, public health and poverty and other social problems, the government gradually abandoned the laissez-faire policy and accelerated the pace of social reform. Despite being excluded from mainstream society, Irish immigrants gradually integrated into English society with the help of Catholicism. In addition, the violent conflict contributed to the awakening of Irish national consciousness and promoted the development of the Irish independence movement.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K561.43

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