本文選題：英國(guó) + 民主制度�。� 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 作為一種上層建筑,“民主制度”的建立必須以一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)條件為基礎(chǔ)。不過(guò),即使在經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)條件大致相當(dāng)?shù)臈l件下,各國(guó)建立“民主制度”的過(guò)程和方式——平穩(wěn)與否、付出代價(jià)多少——卻不盡相同。因此,民主制度建立的方式和條件是值得深思和探討的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 英國(guó)作為老牌的資本主義國(guó)家,也是議會(huì)民主的發(fā)源地。對(duì)英國(guó)民主制度建立的方式和條件進(jìn)行考察,具有比較典型的意義。這將有助于深化我們對(duì)民主政治發(fā)展規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí),也可以為中國(guó)的民主政治建設(shè)提供參考和啟示。 英國(guó)民主制度的建立,尤其在這一過(guò)程的主要時(shí)期——十九世紀(jì),呈和平、穩(wěn)健和漸進(jìn)的特征。英國(guó)所走的是一條比較理想的民主政治發(fā)展道路。近年已經(jīng)有不少學(xué)人開(kāi)始關(guān)注英國(guó)民主政治發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn),并甚為推崇,還提出了英國(guó)式現(xiàn)代化或民主發(fā)展道路的問(wèn)題。 目前這方面的研究大多數(shù)都是歷史研究,基本是遵循一種歷史的線索。盡管這使我們對(duì)于英國(guó)民主政治發(fā)展能夠獲得一條清晰的脈絡(luò),但卻不足以使我們對(duì)民主政治發(fā)展中各種因素的作用有一個(gè)較為全面的認(rèn)識(shí)。因此,本文試圖從政治學(xué)和民主轉(zhuǎn)型理論的角度,把英國(guó)民主制度建立過(guò)程中的主要因素納入到一個(gè)政治分析框架之中,進(jìn)行全面的分析。這可以使我們既能從不同的角度了解英國(guó)民主制度建立過(guò)程中各種因素的作用,又能了解各種因素的相互關(guān)系,從而增進(jìn)我們對(duì)于民主發(fā)展的條件的認(rèn)識(shí)。 本文試圖從五個(gè)方面來(lái)探討英國(guó)民主制度建立的條件:即經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)、階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)、市民社會(huì)、政治文化和政治制度,使之成為一項(xiàng)綜合性的和系統(tǒng)性的對(duì)英國(guó)民主制度建立的方式與條件的研究的嘗試。本文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排反映出從經(jīng)濟(jì)到社會(huì)和文化、再到制度的這樣一個(gè)邏輯線索。 本文就英國(guó)民主制度建立的方式與條件提出兩大核心問(wèn)題:一是英國(guó)的民主制度為什么能夠較早地開(kāi)始發(fā)展并確立下來(lái)?二是英國(guó)的民主制度為什么能夠以和平、穩(wěn)健而漸進(jìn)的方式發(fā)展和建立?這兩大問(wèn)題構(gòu)成全文的主要線索,貫穿五個(gè)方面的論述之始終。 第一,從經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的角度看,經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的變化對(duì)英國(guó)民主發(fā)展的影響體現(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)資本主義、工業(yè)革命與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展三個(gè)方面的共同作用。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與工業(yè)革命相結(jié)合、物質(zhì)條件的巨大改善與工業(yè)社會(huì)的出現(xiàn)相結(jié)合,構(gòu)成了民主發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)。工業(yè)革命和工業(yè)社會(huì)對(duì)于民主政治的影響,是經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)對(duì)政治建筑的決定作用的體現(xiàn)。 工業(yè)革命帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)大發(fā)展改造了傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu),創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)更開(kāi)放的、更有利于民主政治的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu),大大提高了民眾的參政能力和參政意識(shí),使得民主的發(fā)展成為不可避免的結(jié)果,政治變革相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)水到渠成;其次,較早發(fā)生工業(yè)革命,并且在工業(yè)革命發(fā)生之前就出現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)資本主義化的趨勢(shì),使得經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)得以平穩(wěn)地變革,也使得政治變革不致陷于錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的社會(huì)矛盾和階級(jí)矛盾當(dāng)中而造成重大的動(dòng)蕩和沖突。 第二,從階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)變遷的角度看,在19世紀(jì)英國(guó)民主制度建立的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,階級(jí)政治的格局呈現(xiàn)出貴族階級(jí)、資產(chǎn)階級(jí)、工人階級(jí)和中產(chǎn)階級(jí)之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系。這四個(gè)主要階級(jí)構(gòu)成了英國(guó)民主政治發(fā)展階段特定的階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。 英國(guó)這種階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中的總的力量分布是傾向于民主的,這是民主政治得以發(fā)展的重要社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。民主的力量包括工人階級(jí)、中產(chǎn)階級(jí)和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)。反對(duì)民主進(jìn)步的主要是貴族和地主階級(jí),但是他們的消極抵制多于頑強(qiáng)反抗。其中,工人階級(jí)是激進(jìn)的民主力量,中產(chǎn)階級(jí)尤其是小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)傾向于工人階級(jí)的政治訴求,而資產(chǎn)階級(jí)盡管具有一定的保守性,但是也屬于民主陣營(yíng)。因此在英國(guó),十九世紀(jì)建立起來(lái)的大眾民主制度,不能簡(jiǎn)單稱(chēng)之為“資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主”,而是當(dāng)時(shí)各進(jìn)步階級(jí)共同創(chuàng)造的。 英國(guó)這種階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的力量分布又具有均衡性和相互交叉的特點(diǎn)。各種階級(jí)力量縱橫交錯(cuò),任何一方都不占有絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì),各種階級(jí)力量之間既有聯(lián)合,也有斗爭(zhēng)。這使得民主發(fā)展主要以政治博弈和妥協(xié)的方式進(jìn)行,呈現(xiàn)和平與漸進(jìn)的特點(diǎn)。 第三,從市民社會(huì)發(fā)展的角度看,市民社會(huì)的社團(tuán)組織往往依賴(lài)公共領(lǐng)域而存在和發(fā)展,而大多數(shù)社會(huì)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)都是由社團(tuán)組織發(fā)動(dòng)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的。英國(guó)在18、19世紀(jì)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了比較成熟的市民社會(huì)。由于社會(huì)自治的傳統(tǒng),英國(guó)的民間組織一直比較活躍,在工業(yè)革命影響下,新的階級(jí)和社會(huì)群體興起,又催生了更多的市民組織和團(tuán)體。這使得英國(guó)民主發(fā)展的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)更加牢固。19世紀(jì)三次重大的社會(huì)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)——議會(huì)改革運(yùn)動(dòng)、反谷物法運(yùn)動(dòng)、憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)——都有鮮明的社團(tuán)組織背景,對(duì)于英國(guó)民主的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大的推動(dòng)作用。尤其是議會(huì)改革運(yùn)動(dòng)和憲章運(yùn)動(dòng),其直接目標(biāo)都是普選權(quán)。這些社會(huì)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)不僅鍛煉了民眾的民主素質(zhì),而且推動(dòng)了大眾民主的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 英國(guó)的市民社會(huì)及社會(huì)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)在民主發(fā)展中的作用表明,一個(gè)社會(huì)的社團(tuán)組織程度高,并不一定導(dǎo)致國(guó)家與社會(huì)之間的劇烈沖突。市民社會(huì)不僅由于其對(duì)社會(huì)力量的組織和動(dòng)員為民主的發(fā)展和民主制度的建立提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ),而且由于其對(duì)社會(huì)力量的組織和控制作用,也有助于民主制度以和平、漸進(jìn)的方式建立起來(lái)。 第四,從政治文化傳統(tǒng)的角度看,政治文化的豐富和復(fù)雜性對(duì)英國(guó)民主的發(fā)展具有多方面的影響。在英國(guó),自由與保守、激進(jìn)與審慎兩種因素既有沖突和斗爭(zhēng),又有結(jié)合和交融,政治文化在民主政治發(fā)展中起了一種平衡的作用。首先,“生而自由的英國(guó)人”的古老觀念與近代自由主義思想結(jié)合在一起,為英國(guó)民主的發(fā)展提供了強(qiáng)大的理論資源和精神動(dòng)力。選舉權(quán)的擴(kuò)大和普選制成為古老的自由觀念在新的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)中的自然發(fā)展,最終壓倒上層階級(jí)對(duì)普選權(quán)的反對(duì),使得大眾民主得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。其次,保守主義思想的影響又使得英國(guó)人在對(duì)改革的態(tài)度上比較審慎,對(duì)民主的警惕心理也對(duì)民主發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一定的制衡作用。這是英國(guó)民主政治發(fā)展道路保持和平、漸進(jìn)特點(diǎn)的政治文化因素。此外,大眾教育的發(fā)展、傳播媒介的增多,促進(jìn)了公民政治素質(zhì)的提高,使民主的“智力條件“得以逐步具備,增加了十九世紀(jì)英國(guó)政治的發(fā)展的可能性。 第五,從政治制度演變的視角看,英國(guó)民主的和平漸進(jìn)發(fā)展,與英國(guó)舊制度的性質(zhì)、統(tǒng)治階層和體制外社會(huì)力量對(duì)制度革新方式的選擇密不可分。追求政治變革的社會(huì)力量充分利用舊制度的合理因素,而非輕易采取激進(jìn)或極端的手段,而統(tǒng)治階層也能夠及時(shí)對(duì)制度進(jìn)行不斷地改造,是民主制度以和平漸進(jìn)方式得以建立的重要的制度層面原因。 英國(guó)各階層為爭(zhēng)取政治權(quán)利的斗爭(zhēng)很少脫離議會(huì)制度的框架之外,在絕大多數(shù)情況下,都是圍繞著選舉權(quán)而展開(kāi)的。擴(kuò)大選舉權(quán)和實(shí)現(xiàn)普選制成為英國(guó)大眾民主確立的一條主線。這并不意味著整個(gè)政治制度的重建,在很大程度上是對(duì)既有政治制度的完善或“增量改革”。在君主立憲制的外殼下,英國(guó)政體的實(shí)質(zhì)從精英民主或貴族民主和平漸進(jìn)地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇蟊娒裰�。這得益于“舊制度”包含的開(kāi)放性與權(quán)力的制度化。英國(guó)歷史上早已出現(xiàn)的代議制度,使現(xiàn)代的政治斗爭(zhēng)有一個(gè)制度化的框架。議會(huì)一開(kāi)始是貴族限制王權(quán)的工具,后來(lái)則成為人民實(shí)現(xiàn)自己政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)權(quán)利的工具。在民主發(fā)展的過(guò)程中,選舉民主帶動(dòng)了議會(huì)民主,人民主權(quán)帶動(dòng)了議會(huì)主權(quán)。擴(kuò)大選舉權(quán)和實(shí)現(xiàn)普選制成為英國(guó)大眾民主確立的一條主線。 總之,本文從民主轉(zhuǎn)型的基本理論出發(fā),對(duì)英國(guó)民主制度建立的方式與條件進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的多因素的分析,尤其著重于英國(guó)民主發(fā)展的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。從經(jīng)濟(jì)、階級(jí)、市民社會(huì)、政治文化和政治制度五個(gè)方面進(jìn)行的探討表明,英國(guó)十九世紀(jì)民主的發(fā)展具有較為堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)和強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力,而且民主發(fā)展的和平穩(wěn)健和漸進(jìn)特征又有較為確切的保障。 民主的發(fā)展和民主制度的建立是多因素共同作用,而不僅是一兩個(gè)因素單獨(dú)作用的結(jié)果。英國(guó)民主政治發(fā)展中的各種因素,是相互聯(lián)系和相互影響的:歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí),經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì),政治與文化等各種因素之間存在著復(fù)雜和密切的互相關(guān)系。而英國(guó)的民主制度之所以能夠在十九世紀(jì)建立起來(lái),就是因?yàn)檫@些因素總的作用是有利于民主政治的。 英國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也表明,在民主發(fā)展的各種因素中,經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的變化以及由此引發(fā)的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的巨變具有一種決定性作用。民主發(fā)展的動(dòng)力主要來(lái)自工業(yè)革命的影響和工業(yè)社會(huì)的結(jié)構(gòu),民主發(fā)展的和平、穩(wěn)健與漸進(jìn)的特點(diǎn)則主要來(lái)自工業(yè)革命前即已初步形成的社會(huì)、文化和制度因素。因此,英國(guó)民主制度建立的方式由于其在工業(yè)革命之前形成的一些社會(huì)文化和制度特點(diǎn)而具有一定的特殊性,但是由于工業(yè)化和現(xiàn)代化所導(dǎo)致的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)與社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化是全球性的,所以工業(yè)社會(huì)與民主發(fā)展之間的聯(lián)系具有一定的普遍性。在民主政治發(fā)展的過(guò)程中,比之特殊性,這種普遍性具有更大的意義和影響。
[Abstract]:As a superstructure, the establishment of the "democratic system" must be based on certain economic and social conditions. However, even if the economic and social conditions are roughly equal, the process and way of establishing a "democratic system" in the country - the price of a stable or not - is not the same. Therefore, the democratic system is established. The way and condition is a question worth pondering and discussing.
As the old capitalist country and the birthplace of parliamentary democracy, the investigation of the ways and conditions for the establishment of the British democratic system will be of a typical significance. This will help us to deepen our understanding of the law of democratic politics and provide reference and inspiration for the construction of China's democratic politics.
The establishment of the British democratic system, especially in the main period of this process, in the nineteenth Century, is characterized by peace, stability and gradual progress. Britain has taken a more ideal path for democratic political development. In recent years, many scholars have begun to pay attention to the experience of the development of democratic politics in Britain, and have put forward the British style of modernity. The problem of the path of development or democracy.
Most of these studies are historical studies and basically follow a historical clue. Although this makes us a clear vein for the development of democratic politics in Britain, it is not enough to make us more fully aware of the role of various factors in the development of democracy. A comprehensive analysis of the main factors in the process of the establishment of British democracy in the framework of the process of the establishment of the British democratic system will enable us to understand the role of various factors in the process of the establishment of the British democratic system from a different perspective and to understand the relationship between the various factors and thus increase the relationship between the various factors. Get into our understanding of the conditions of democratic development.
This article tries to discuss the conditions for the establishment of the British democratic system from five aspects: the economic basis, the class structure, the civil society, the political culture and the political system, making it a comprehensive and systematic study of the ways and conditions for the establishment of the British democratic system. The structure of this article reflects the economic to the society. Such a logical clue as to culture and to the system.
This article puts forward two core questions about the ways and conditions for the establishment of the British democratic system: one is why the British democratic system can be developed and established earlier? Two, why can the British democratic system develop and establish in a peaceful, steady and gradual way? The two major issues are the main clues of the full text, run through five. All the way out.
First, from the point of view of economic foundation, the influence of economic base on the development of British democracy is reflected in the common role of agricultural capitalism, industrial revolution and economic development in three aspects. The combination of economic development and industrial revolution, the great improvement of material conditions and the emergence of industrial society, constitutes the economy of democratic development. The influence of industrial revolution and industrial society on democratic politics is the embodiment of the decisive role of economic foundation for political architecture.
The great economic development brought about by the industrial revolution has transformed the traditional social structure, created a more open and more democratic political structure, greatly improved the public participation in political participation and political participation, and made the development of democracy inevitable. Revolution, and the emergence of the trend of agricultural capitalization before the occurrence of the industrial revolution, made the economic structure and social structure a stable change, and also made the political change not to be in the complex social contradictions and class contradictions and caused major turbulence and rush.
Second, from the perspective of the change of class structure, in the critical period of the establishment of the British democratic system in nineteenth Century, the pattern of class politics presented a complex relationship between the aristocratic class, the bourgeoisie, the working class and the middle class. The four main classes constituted a specific class structure in the stage of the development of British democratic politics.
The general distribution of power in this class structure in Britain is tendencies to democracy, which is an important social basis for the development of democratic politics. The power of democracy includes the working class, the middle class and the bourgeoisie. The main opposition to democratic progress is the aristocracy and the landlord class, but their negative resistance is more than the stubborn resistance. Among them, the workers' order. The class is a radical democratic force, and the middle class, especially the petty bourgeoisie, tends to the political demands of the working class, while the bourgeoisie has a certain conservatism, but it also belongs to the democratic camp. Therefore, in Britain, the mass democracy established in nineteenth Century can not be simply called "bourgeois democracy", but at the time. The progressive class co - created.
The power distribution of this class structure in Britain has the characteristics of balance and intersecting. All kinds of class forces are crisscrossed, no one has an absolute advantage, and there is a combination and a struggle among various class forces. This makes the development of democracy mainly in a political game and compromise, presenting a peaceful and progressive special. Point.
Third, from the perspective of the development of the civil society, the community organizations in the civil society often depend on the public sphere and exist and develop, and most of the social and political movements are launched and led by the community organizations. In the 18,19 century Britain has produced a relatively mature civil society. From the tradition of social autonomy, the British civil society has been More active, under the influence of the industrial revolution, the rise of new classes and social groups, and the emergence of more public organizations and groups, which made the social foundation for the development of democracy in the UK more solid in the three major social and political movements of the.19 century - the movement of parliamentary reform, the movement of the anti grain law, the Charter movement - a distinct group of societies. The textile background has played a major role in promoting the development of democracy in Britain. The direct objectives of the parliamentary reform movement and the Charter movement are universal suffrage. These social and political movements not only exercise the democratic quality of the people, but also promote the realization of the mass democracy.
The role of the civil society and social and political movement in Britain in the development of democracy shows that the high degree of organization in a society does not necessarily lead to violent conflicts between the state and the society. Civil society not only provides a solid social basis for the organization and mobilization of social forces for the development of democracy and the establishment of democratic institutions. As well as its role in organizing and controlling social forces, it helps to establish a democratic system in a peaceful and gradual way.
Fourth, from the point of view of the political and cultural tradition, the wealth and complexity of political culture have many effects on the development of British democracy. In Britain, freedom and conservatism, radical and prudent two factors have conflict and struggle, and combine and blend. Political culture plays a balanced role in the development of democracy. First, "birth". The old ideas of the free English and the modern liberalism were combined to provide powerful theoretical resources and spiritual power for the development of democracy in Britain. The expansion of the right to vote and the general election system became the natural development of the old concept of freedom in the new social reality, and eventually the upper class was overwhelmed by the opposition to the universal suffrage. Second, the influence of the conservative thought makes the British people more prudent in the attitude to reform, and the vigilance of democracy has a certain balance on the development of democracy. This is the political and cultural factor for the development of the British democratic political development and the gradual and special point. In addition, the development of mass education. The increase in the media has promoted the improvement of the political quality of the citizens, and made the "intellectual conditions of the democracy" gradually available, and increased the possibility of the development of British politics in the nineteenth Century.
Fifth, from the perspective of the evolution of the political system, the peaceful and progressive development of British democracy is closely related to the nature of the old British system, the ruling class and the external social forces of the system. The social forces for political change make full use of the rational factors of the old system, rather than take radical or extreme means. The ruling class can also transform the system in time. It is an important institutional reason for the democratic system to be established in a peaceful and gradual way.
The struggle for political rights in Britain is rarely separated from the framework of the parliamentary system. In most cases, the right to vote has been carried out in the vast majority of cases. The expansion of the right to vote and the realization of universal suffrage have become a mainline of the British mass democracy. This does not mean that the reconstruction of the whole political system is, to a large extent, the same. The perfection of the political system or the "incremental reform". Under the shell of the constitutional monarchy, the essence of the British regime changed gradually from the elite democracy or the aristocratic democracy to the mass democracy. It benefited from the institutionalization of the openness and power contained in the "old system". There was a institutionalized framework. In the beginning, the parliament was a tool for the aristocracy to restrict the power of the royal power. Later, it became a tool for the people to realize their political and economic and social rights. In the process of democratic development, electoral democracy led to parliamentary democracy and the sovereignty of the people led to parliamentary sovereignty. General election and universal elections became the British mass democracy. A main line to be established.
In conclusion, this article, starting with the basic theory of democratic transformation, analyses the ways and conditions of the establishment of the British democratic system in a systematic way, especially on the social basis for the development of democracy in Britain. From the five aspects of economy, class, civil society, political culture and political system, the British democratic nineteenth Century Development has a solid foundation and strong driving force, and the peaceful, steady and progressive characteristics of democratic development have a more precise guarantee.
The development of democracy and the establishment of the democratic system are the common effects of multiple factors, not only the results of the one or two factors alone. The various factors in the development of British democratic politics are interconnected and interrelated: history and reality, economic and social, political and cultural factors are complex and closely interrelated. The reason why the British system of democracy can be established in nineteenth Century is that these factors are in general beneficial to democratic politics.
The British experience also shows that, among the various factors of democratic development, the changes in the economic base and the consequent huge changes in the social structure have a decisive role. The impetus for democratic development mainly comes from the influence of industrial revolution and the structure of industrial society, the development of democracy and the steady and gradual characteristics of the democratic development are mainly from the industrial revolution. The social, cultural and institutional factors that have been initially formed, therefore, the way the British democratic system is established is special because of its social and cultural and institutional characteristics that were formed before the industrial revolution, but the economic and social changes caused by industrialization and modernization are global, The link between the industrial society and the democratic development has a certain universality. In the process of the development of democracy, the universality has greater significance and influence than the particularity of the development of democracy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D756.1;K561

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 吳曉林;;英國(guó)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中的政治整合:過(guò)程、特點(diǎn)與啟示[J];河南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2010年05期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 袁弋胭;19世紀(jì)英國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)自愿社團(tuán)研究[D];南開(kāi)大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：1914491