本文選題：達爾富爾 + 土地問題　； 參考：《浙江師范大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：達爾富爾地處非洲薩赫勒地帶東段,從南到北主要有三個不同的生態(tài)區(qū)域,三個區(qū)域的土地利用具有過渡性、互補性的特征。在歷史上,達爾富爾實行土地公有制,富爾王國(約始于1600年左右)時實行“哈庫拉”制度發(fā)展并保留了土地公有制。傳統(tǒng)土地所有制有效管理了個部族的土地分配,確保了農牧民之間的合作。其缺陷是,存在大小部落之間的矛盾；牧民在這一體系中處于不利位置；對移民的土地管理存在潛在不穩(wěn)定因素；達爾富爾的部落被分為有地的和無地的兩大類這種情況沒有改變。盡管如此,早期的土地問題并不明顯,而且都能在本地治理下得到解決。 在土耳其殖民時期(1821-1884)和馬赫迪短暫統(tǒng)治時期(1885—1889),以及英埃共管時期(1890-1956乙土地所有制度的基本結構沒有發(fā)生根本變化。由于達爾富爾長期獨立于中央政府,以及在國家政治經濟生活中邊緣化,蘇丹獨立后很長一段時期,達爾富爾包括土地所有制在內的許多政策都沒有發(fā)生重大調整。 二十世紀七十年代以來,達爾富爾的土地問題逐漸嚴重。一方面,政府在管理基層事務方面的政策和策略,尤其是有關法規(guī)的制定并不是基于當?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)習慣。表現(xiàn)在：廢除地方治理,傳統(tǒng)管理體制的弱化和政治化破壞了其管理土地的功能,但新秩序也從未真正發(fā)揮過作用；重新劃分行政區(qū)域激化、加劇了部分土地矛盾；新的土地政策,目的在于執(zhí)行政府的政策,沒有考慮達爾富爾地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的土地制度。另一方面,達爾富爾土地面臨的壓力越來越大。干旱改變了土地利用結構,耕作和放牧環(huán)境惡化,大量人口遷移產生新的土地需求；人口數(shù)量激增,加劇了土地壓力；耕地面積擴大、畜牧量增加,加劇了農耕業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)之間的摩擦。在此情況下,公共放牧制度成為導致農、牧民之間沖突的一個非常重要的因素。 達爾富爾的土地問題,既是該地區(qū)被邊緣化的結果,也是土地壓力增加所導致。這次不成功的轉型,產生了嚴重的后果。沖突是土地問題最嚴重的表現(xiàn)形式,最近二十年來,農民和牧民之間、牧民之間、部族內部的土地爭端急劇增加。爭奪土地也是達爾富爾危機爆發(fā)的重要動因。同時,沖突產生新的土地矛盾,成了目前階段土地問題的重要原因。 解決達爾富爾的土地問題,首先要打破沖突與土地問題的惡性循環(huán),制止沖突與解決土地問題必須同時進行。傳統(tǒng)土地制度需要繼承,也需要做出合理調整；新的土地所有制,既要保證原有土地所有者的權利,又能滿足新的土地需求；既要反映國家利益,也要反映地方利益。為此,明確土地權利,解決土地注冊問題,是當務之急；加強土地管理能力,重視本地管理與提供更多公共服務,是未來政府努力的兩個方向。另外,發(fā)揮土地潛力,促進農牧業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,是解決土地問題的根本途徑。
[Abstract]:Darfur is located in the eastern part of the Sahelian belt of Africa. From south to north there are mainly three different ecological regions. The land use of the three regions is transitional and complementary. Historically, public ownership of land was practised in Darfur, and the "Hakula" system developed and retained in the Kingdom of Fur (which began around 1600). Traditional land ownership effectively manages the land distribution of a tribe and ensures cooperation between farmers and herdsmen. Its shortcomings are the existence of contradictions between large and small tribes, the disadvantaged position of herdsmen in the system, the potential instability of land management for migrants; There has been no change in the fact that tribes in Darfur are divided into landless and landless groups. Nevertheless, early land problems were not obvious and could be resolved under local governance. During the colonial period of Turkey (1821-1884) and the brief reign of Mahdi, the basic structure of the land ownership system did not change fundamentally during the period of Anglo-Egyptian Common Administration (1890-1956). Due to the long-standing independence of Darfur from the central Government and its marginalization in the political and economic life of the country, many policies in Darfur, including land ownership, have not undergone major adjustments for a long time after independence. Since the 1970 s, the land problem in Darfur has become more and more serious. On the one hand, the government's policies and strategies in the management of grass-roots affairs, especially the formulation of laws and regulations, are not based on traditional local customs. It is shown in the following aspects: abolishing local governance, weakening and politicizing the traditional management system, destroying the function of land management, but the new order has never really played a role, the division of administrative areas has been intensified, and some land contradictions have been aggravated. The new land policy, aimed at implementing government policy, does not take into account the traditional land system in Darfur. On the other hand, Darfur land is under increasing pressure. Drought has changed the structure of land use, deteriorated the environment for farming and grazing, created new demands for land by massive population movements, increased land pressure by a surge in population, and increased the area of arable land and livestock production, Increased friction between farming and animal husbandry. In this case, the public grazing system has become a very important factor leading to conflicts between farmers and herdsmen. The land problem in Darfur is both a result of the marginalization of the region and a result of increased land pressure. This unsuccessful transformation has had serious consequences. Conflict is the most serious form of land problems, and land disputes between farmers and herdsmen have increased dramatically in the last two decades. Competition for land is also an important driver of the Darfur crisis. At the same time, conflicts produce new land conflicts, which become an important reason of land problems at present stage. To resolve the land problem in Darfur, we must break the vicious circle of conflict and land issue, and stop the conflict and resolve the land problem simultaneously. The traditional land system should be inherited and adjusted reasonably; the new land ownership system should not only guarantee the rights of the original landowners, but also meet the new land needs, and reflect both national and local interests. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the land rights and solve the land registration problem, and to strengthen the land management capacity, attach importance to local management and provide more public services are the two directions of the future government's efforts. In addition, giving full play to the land potential and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry is the fundamental way to solve the land problem.
【學位授予單位】：浙江師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K412;F301

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本文編號：1909783