本文選題：俄國(guó) + 立憲會(huì)議�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：1918年1月5日,既是全俄立憲會(huì)議召開(kāi)的日子,同時(shí)也是全俄立憲會(huì)議解散的日子。立憲會(huì)議在開(kāi)幕不滿(mǎn)一天就被蘇維埃政權(quán)解散,而結(jié)束了短暫的政治生命。立憲會(huì)議在俄國(guó)的政治生活中并沒(méi)有發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用,但是它對(duì)于1917年俄國(guó)革命進(jìn)程卻有著重大的影響。1917年二月革命推翻君主專(zhuān)制制度后,俄國(guó)社會(huì)各政黨達(dá)成了共識(shí),試圖通過(guò)立憲會(huì)議來(lái)解決國(guó)家制度、政權(quán)形式、土地、和平等迫切問(wèn)題。立憲會(huì)議成為一個(gè)影響俄國(guó)革命進(jìn)程和俄國(guó)國(guó)家發(fā)展重大而又迫切的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。十月革命前后布爾什維克對(duì)立憲會(huì)議的態(tài)度從積極主張到徹底否定,這一態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變有其現(xiàn)實(shí)的政治原因,也與當(dāng)時(shí)俄羅斯革命和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的特殊環(huán)境有關(guān)。全俄立憲會(huì)議在俄羅斯的失敗只是一個(gè)個(gè)別事件。在不同的國(guó)家和地區(qū),立憲會(huì)議的命運(yùn)有不同的表現(xiàn)和結(jié)局,但是都有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn),那就是與傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗和專(zhuān)制制度發(fā)生對(duì)抗和沖突。立憲會(huì)議是俄國(guó)歷史的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),雖然立憲會(huì)議失敗了,但它預(yù)示著俄羅斯民主制的未來(lái),為俄羅斯民主道路的發(fā)展提供了借鑒。 除了前言和結(jié)束語(yǔ)以外,本文共分四部分。 第一部分：立憲會(huì)議思想的起源。主要論述立憲會(huì)議思想產(chǎn)生的背景以及與二月革命的關(guān)系。立憲會(huì)議的思想起源于法國(guó)大革命,在19世紀(jì)立憲會(huì)議思想滲入到俄國(guó)革命的政治觀點(diǎn),并且20世紀(jì)初在民主知識(shí)分子中得到傳播。二月革命后召開(kāi)立憲會(huì)議是眾望所歸,立憲會(huì)議與當(dāng)時(shí)俄國(guó)的土地、和平問(wèn)題一樣重要,都是人民迫切期待解決的問(wèn)題。俄國(guó)的各政黨都不反對(duì)立憲會(huì)議的召開(kāi),爭(zhēng)論的只是立憲會(huì)議召開(kāi)的時(shí)機(jī),因?yàn)檎匍_(kāi)立憲會(huì)議就意味著國(guó)家重大事務(wù)到了必須要解決的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻。 第二部分：二月革命后俄國(guó)各政黨對(duì)立憲會(huì)議的態(tài)度。從1917年2月到10月,俄國(guó)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)是極其復(fù)雜的,具有特殊性。在立憲民主黨人的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,自由主義者、溫和的社會(huì)主義者、社會(huì)革命黨人、孟什維克與布爾什維克結(jié)成了聯(lián)盟。各政黨之間相互協(xié)作確立了共同的革命目標(biāo),即推翻沙皇專(zhuān)制制度。因此,俄國(guó)各主要政黨都修改了綱領(lǐng),改變了自己的戰(zhàn)略和策略,使之適應(yīng)于新的條件和環(huán)境。 第三部分：立憲會(huì)議召開(kāi)前的準(zhǔn)備。要在俄國(guó)廣袤的地域和眾多的人口中,召開(kāi)全民的、平等的、直接的和不記名投票的立憲會(huì)議選舉是一件非常復(fù)雜的事情。因此在立憲會(huì)議召開(kāi)前有很多事情要準(zhǔn)備,比如編寫(xiě)選民名冊(cè)、制定選舉法、限制選舉人年齡資格等問(wèn)題。 第四部分：立憲會(huì)議的召開(kāi)與解散。布爾什維克在十月革命前后對(duì)立憲會(huì)議采取了截然不同的立場(chǎng),被盧森堡稱(chēng)為令人迷惑不解的轉(zhuǎn)變。布爾什維克在奪取政權(quán)的過(guò)程中對(duì)立憲會(huì)議的召開(kāi)是支持和肯定的,主要是為了爭(zhēng)取人民群眾的支持、擴(kuò)大自己的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ),但是立憲會(huì)議的選舉結(jié)果讓布爾什維克難以接受,所以解散立憲會(huì)議對(duì)于布爾什維克來(lái)說(shuō)是合乎邏輯的,因?yàn)椴紶柺簿S克奪取政權(quán)的目的不是為了把它交給立憲會(huì)議或臨時(shí)政府,而是想自己掌權(quán)。立憲會(huì)議解散后的直接影響就是導(dǎo)致俄國(guó)的內(nèi)戰(zhàn),從而也使俄國(guó)喪失多黨政治發(fā)展的可能性。 結(jié)束語(yǔ)：主要闡述立憲會(huì)議解散的原因及其對(duì)俄羅斯民主道路的影響。由于當(dāng)時(shí)俄國(guó)處在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和革命的特殊條件下,也由于俄國(guó)歷史道路的獨(dú)特性,影響立憲會(huì)議命運(yùn)的因素除了政治因素外,也有思想意識(shí)上的根源,而當(dāng)時(shí)俄國(guó)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和居民政治文化素質(zhì)也影響了立憲會(huì)議的命運(yùn)。立憲會(huì)議召開(kāi)和解散的歷史證明,俄國(guó)通往民主政治變革的道路是艱辛的,對(duì)俄羅斯來(lái)說(shuō)立憲會(huì)議是一次民主政治的嘗試。研究立憲會(huì)議有助于我們分析當(dāng)代俄羅斯政治的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況。
[Abstract]:In January 5, 1918, it was the day of the convening of the whole Russian Constitutional Convention and the day for the dissolution of the constitutional conference of the whole Russia. The constitutional meeting was disbanded by the Soviet regime on the day of the opening of the Constitution and ended the brief political life. The constitutional conference did not play its due role in the political life of Russia, but it was for Russia in 1917. The revolutionary process had a great influence on the February revolution to overthrow the monarchy of the monarchy in.1917. The political parties of the Russian society reached a consensus and tried to solve the urgent problems of the state system, the form of power, the land and the peace through the constitutional conference. The constitutional conference became an important and urgent influence on the process of Russian Revolution and the development of the Russian state. The realistic problem. Bull J Vic's attitude towards the constitutional convention before and after the October revolution was from positive to complete negation. The change of this attitude has its realistic political reasons and the special environment of the Russian Revolution and war at that time. The failure of the Russian constitutional conference in Russia is only a single event. The fate of the constitutional convention has different manifestations and outcomes, but there is a common point, that is, the confrontation and conflict with traditional customs and despotism. The constitutional conference is a turning point in Russian history. Although the constitutional conference has failed, it foreshadowed the future of Russian democracy and provided a reference for the development of Russian Democratic Road.
Besides preface and concluding remarks, this paper is divided into four parts.
The first part: the origin of the thought of the constitutional conference. It mainly discusses the background of the thought of the constitutional conference and the relationship with the February revolution. The thought of the constitutional conference originated from the French Revolution, the thought of the constitutional conference in nineteenth Century penetrated the political views of the Russian Revolution, and was spread among the Democratic intellectuals in the early twentieth Century. The February revolution was carried out. The convening of a constitutional conference is all the same. The constitutional conference is as important as the land and peace of Russia at that time. It is an urgent problem to be solved by the people. All the political parties in Russia do not oppose the convening of the constitutional meeting, and the debate is just the time for the convening of the constitutional meeting, because the convening of the constitutional conference means that the state's major affairs have come to the end. The key moment to be solved.
The second part: the attitude of the Russian political parties to the constitutional conference after the February revolution. From February 1917 to October, the Russian social structure was extremely complex and special. Under the leadership of the constitutional democratic party, liberalists, mild socialists, social revolutionaries, Meng Svik and Bull J Vic formed alliances. Mutual cooperation established a common revolutionary goal, that is, the overthrow of the Czar autocracy. Therefore, the main political parties in Russia have modified the programme and changed their strategies and strategies to adapt to the new conditions and environment.
The third part: preparation before the convening of the constitutional convention. It is a very complicated thing to hold a constitutional convention election for the universal, equal, direct and secret ballot in the vast territory of Russia and a large number of people. So there are many things to prepare before the constitutional convention, such as the compilation of the electoral register, the formulation of the electoral law, and the limit of the electoral law. To select and select the eligibility of the people.
The fourth part: the convening and disbandment of the constitutional convention. Bull J Vic took a completely different position on the constitutional conference before and after the October revolution, which was called the confusing change by Luxemburg. In the process of taking power, Bull J Vic supported and affirmed the convening of the constitutional conference, mainly for the sake of the people. Support, expand the social foundation of its own, but the election results of the constitutional conference make Bull J Vic difficult to accept, so it is logical for Bull J Vic to disband the constitutional conference, because Bull J Vic's purpose of taking power is not to give it to the constitutional conference or the provisional government, but to take power. The direct impact of the dissolution is the result of the civil war in Russia and the possibility of Russia losing its multi-party political development.
Concluding remarks: the reasons for the dissolution of the constitutional conference and its influence on the Russian Democratic Road are mainly expounded. Because of the special conditions of Russia in the war and revolution and the uniqueness of the Russian historical path, the factors that affect the fate of the constitutional conference, except for the political factors, also have the root of ideology, and the Russian social knot at that time. The Constitution and the citizens' political and cultural qualities also affected the fate of the constitutional convention. The history of the convening and dissolution of the constitutional conference proved that the road to Russia's democratic political transformation was hard and the constitutional meeting of Russia was an attempt of democracy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K512.51

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