本文選題：德國 + 婦女�。� 參考：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：二戰(zhàn)失敗后,德國政治上被四大國分區(qū)占領(lǐng),經(jīng)濟(jì)上完全崩潰,整個國家陷入空前嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難之中。戰(zhàn)爭使絕大部分處于工作年齡的男性死于戰(zhàn)爭或淪為戰(zhàn)俘,德國婦女因而成為德國人口中的大多數(shù)。戰(zhàn)后德國人口中55％都是女性,而20歲到29歲的年輕勞動力中63%都是女性,因此德國婦女承擔(dān)了在四個占領(lǐng)國的監(jiān)督下的德國重建工作,處境極為艱難。本文將從戰(zhàn)后德國婦女的生存環(huán)境、社會生活,家庭生活和政治生活四個方面來還原從1945年占領(lǐng)時期開始到1949年聯(lián)邦德國和民主德國成立的德國婦女的真實生活。 文章分為五個部分： 第一部分主要揭示戰(zhàn)后德國社會的概況,還原德國婦女在占領(lǐng)初期面臨的生存環(huán)境：第二次世界大戰(zhàn)使德國幾乎成為一片廢墟,四大國的分區(qū)占領(lǐng)和管制政策更是使戰(zhàn)后的德國雪上加霜,男性青壯年勞動力緊缺、房屋嚴(yán)重不足、糧煤供應(yīng)困難,人民生活極其艱苦,社會形勢極其嚴(yán)峻。 第二部分主要介紹占領(lǐng)期間德國婦女的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)生活。由于婦女在人口數(shù)量和健康狀況上都比男性占優(yōu)勢,因此,占領(lǐng)初期國家和家庭的重?fù)?dān)就落在了她們肩上。一方面,她們積極參與社會重建,幫助清理廢墟,促進(jìn)社會秩序的恢復(fù)；另一方面,她們努力維持家人生計,在占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局規(guī)定的工作以外想方設(shè)法獲取更多的生存必需品,幫助家人度過了艱難的時刻。 第三部分主要介紹德國婦女的家庭生活。占領(lǐng)時期的經(jīng)歷對德國婦女的家庭生活產(chǎn)生了非常大的影響：一方面,婦女進(jìn)入社會生活的各個領(lǐng)域,承擔(dān)了許多原本屬于男人的責(zé)任,獨立性日益增長；另一方面,占領(lǐng)時期,很多婦女由于形勢所迫與占領(lǐng)軍發(fā)生了性關(guān)系,這種經(jīng)歷導(dǎo)致夫妻間關(guān)系緊張。獨立性的增長使婦女不滿足于傳統(tǒng)家庭角色,而與占領(lǐng)軍的關(guān)系又使婚姻出現(xiàn)裂縫,家庭沖突日漸激烈,家庭危機(jī)日漸嚴(yán)重。第四部分主要介紹德國婦女的政治生活。占領(lǐng)軍占領(lǐng)初期并沒有意識到女性占人口大多數(shù)會對德國產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響,因此并未為對婦女這個多數(shù)群體予以重視。而當(dāng)他們意識到婦女這個群體是重要的選民,值得引起關(guān)注時,除了法國以外,其他三個占領(lǐng)軍政府分別采取了不同的措施引導(dǎo)婦女參與政治生活,以在德國重建過程中發(fā)揮作用。 最后為結(jié)語部分。
[Abstract]:After the defeat of World War II, Germany was politically occupied by the four major powers, its economy completely collapsed, and the whole country was plunged into an unprecedented disaster. The war made the vast majority of working-age men die of war or become prisoners of war, making German women the majority of the German population. After the war, 55 percent of Germans were women, and 63 percent of young workers between the ages of 20 and 29 were women, making it extremely difficult for German women to take on the task of rebuilding Germany under the supervision of the four occupying powers. This paper will restore the real life of German women from the occupation period of 1945 to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Democratic Republic of Germany in 1949 from four aspects: the living environment, the social life, the family life and the political life of the German women after the war. The article is divided into five parts: The first part mainly reveals the general situation of postwar German society and restores the living environment that German women faced in the early days of occupation: the second World War made Germany almost a ruin. The occupation and control policy of the four major countries made the post-war Germany worse. The male youth labor shortage, the housing shortage, the supply of grain and coal, the people's living extremely hard, the social situation extremely grim. The second part mainly introduces the social and economic life of German women during the occupation. Because women are superior to men in terms of population size and health, the burden of the country and the family fell on them in the early days of the occupation. On the one hand, they are actively involved in the reconstruction of society, helping to clear the rubble and promoting the restoration of social order; on the other hand, they strive to maintain the livelihood of their families and to find ways to obtain more necessities of life beyond the jobs mandated by the occupation authorities, To help the family through difficult times. The third part mainly introduces the family life of German women. The experience of the occupation period has had a great impact on the family life of German women: on the one hand, women have taken on many of the responsibilities of men in all spheres of social life, and on the other hand have become increasingly independent, During the occupation, many women had sexual relations with the occupation forces because of the situation, which caused tension between husband and wife. The increase in independence makes women dissatisfied with traditional family roles, while the relationship with the occupation forces leads to marriage cracks, family conflicts becoming increasingly fierce, and family crises becoming more and more serious. The fourth part mainly introduces the political life of German women. In the early days of occupation, the occupying forces did not realize the impact of the majority of the population on Germany, and therefore did not pay attention to the majority group of women. And when they realized that the group of women was an important constituency that was cause for concern, the three other occupying governments, in addition to France, had taken different measures to induce women to participate in political life, To play a role in the reconstruction of Germany. The last part is the conclusion.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K516

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