本文選題：中世紀(jì) + 西歐大陸�。� 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 在中世紀(jì)早期,西歐大陸的世俗社會(huì)已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了逐商的觀念。其本土的商本的觀念,在早期職業(yè)商人群體中得到了體現(xiàn)。不過(guò),以商為本的觀念在這一時(shí)期還不普遍。逐商觀念更普遍的表現(xiàn)為一種原始的形態(tài)——生產(chǎn)者的商品銷售意識(shí)。從動(dòng)態(tài)上來(lái)看,隨著時(shí)間的推移,西歐大陸的農(nóng)村與市場(chǎng)的聯(lián)系越來(lái)越緊密,生產(chǎn)者的銷售意識(shí)也在不斷增強(qiáng),他們中間正在孕育著普遍的逐商觀念。與此同時(shí),西歐大陸的世俗君主們把發(fā)展商業(yè)視為自己的特權(quán),甚至視商業(yè)為國(guó)王的資產(chǎn),當(dāng)然也視保護(hù)商業(yè)為己任。他們的特權(quán)商業(yè)觀念,在扶植國(guó)內(nèi)商業(yè)發(fā)展、貨幣政策以及支持對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展方面都有明確地體現(xiàn)。 自11世紀(jì)起,西歐進(jìn)入了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)三個(gè)多世紀(jì)的商業(yè)復(fù)興時(shí)期,逐商觀念在這一時(shí)期開(kāi)始在西歐大陸普遍滋生。同時(shí),封建主和農(nóng)民的市場(chǎng)意識(shí)也開(kāi)始形成。隨著交換經(jīng)濟(jì)的日益發(fā)達(dá),貨幣在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中的作用逐步增強(qiáng),封建君主們?cè)黾迂泿攀杖氲脑竿訌?qiáng)烈。他們繼承并發(fā)展了早期統(tǒng)治者的特權(quán)商業(yè)觀,繼續(xù)視自己為商業(yè)的保護(hù)人,其重商意識(shí)漸漸形成。 在商業(yè)不斷發(fā)展的同時(shí),職業(yè)商人的經(jīng)營(yíng)思想也漸漸成熟,他們創(chuàng)造了許多符合其實(shí)時(shí)代特點(diǎn)的經(jīng)營(yíng)知識(shí)和理念。消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)大,商業(yè)資金的積累,導(dǎo)致了商人致富觀念的變化。他們不再僅僅關(guān)注交易本身,而且還開(kāi)始投資于生產(chǎn)活動(dòng),建立起了手工工場(chǎng)。其中最重要的當(dāng)屬羊毛紡織工場(chǎng),這一行業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者們積累了許多寶貴的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 中世紀(jì)的商業(yè)活動(dòng)具有突出的保護(hù)性特點(diǎn)。隨著商業(yè)的深入發(fā)展,商業(yè)保護(hù)思想日益流行。城市商業(yè)保護(hù)思想的核心就是以強(qiáng)制干預(yù)為手段,保護(hù)本城商業(yè)、工業(yè)的發(fā)展。具體表現(xiàn)為,在對(duì)內(nèi)保護(hù)扶植的同時(shí),又對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者進(jìn)行種種限制。從城市必需品的供應(yīng)、商品加工、生產(chǎn)及銷售各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),商業(yè)保護(hù)思想的身影無(wú)所不在。君主的商業(yè)保護(hù)思想與城市商業(yè)保護(hù)思想的核心內(nèi)容相似,皆是通過(guò)干預(yù)的方式保護(hù)商業(yè)、工業(yè)的發(fā)展。但在具體表現(xiàn)形式上卻有不同。君主的商業(yè)保護(hù)思想更多的表現(xiàn)為保護(hù)與扶植,其排外的因素相對(duì)城市來(lái)講要少的多。
[Abstract]:In the early Middle Ages, the secular society of the Western European continent had developed the idea of business. The local business-based concept was embodied in the early professional merchants group. However, the concept of business-based in this period is not universal. The idea of mercantilism is more commonly expressed as a primitive form-the producer's sense of commodity sales. From the dynamic point of view, with the passage of time, the western European continent rural and market are more and more closely linked, the producer's sales consciousness is also increasing, among them is pregnant with the universal business idea. At the same time, the secular monarchs of the Western European continent saw the development of commerce as their prerogative, even as a king's asset and, of course, as their duty to protect it. Their idea of privileged business is clearly embodied in fostering domestic business development, monetary policy and supporting foreign trade development. Since the 11th century, Western Europe has entered a period of commercial revival for more than three centuries. At the same time, feudal lord and farmer's market consciousness also begins to form. With the development of exchange economy, the role of money in economic activities was gradually strengthened, and the feudal monarchs' desire to increase monetary income became stronger and stronger. They inherited and developed the privileged business view of the early rulers and continued to regard themselves as protectors of commerce, and their sense of mercantilism gradually formed. With the continuous development of business, the management thought of professional businessmen has gradually matured, and they have created a lot of management knowledge and ideas that accord with the characteristics of the times. The expansion of the consumer market and the accumulation of commercial funds have led to a change in the concept of becoming rich. Instead of focusing solely on the trade itself, they began to invest in production and set up handmade factories. One of the most important is wool textile factory, the operators of this industry has accumulated a lot of valuable management experience. Commercial activities in the Middle Ages had prominent protective characteristics. With the development of commerce, the idea of business protection is becoming more and more popular. The core of urban commercial protection is to protect the development of commerce and industry by means of compulsory intervention. The concrete performance is, in the internal protection support, but also carries on each kind of restriction to the competitor. From the supply of urban necessities, commodity processing, production and sales links, business protection ideas are everywhere. The monarch's thought of commercial protection is similar to the core content of urban commercial protection, which protects the development of commerce and industry through intervention. However, there are differences in specific forms of expression. The monarch's business protection thought is more to protect and foster, and the factors of exclusion are much less than the city.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：F129;K56

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前4條

1 孫培良;;漢薩同盟是怎樣成立的?其組織和活動(dòng)情況如何?[J];歷史教學(xué);1957年02期

2 耿淡如;;世界中世紀(jì)史原始資料選輯(二)——關(guān)于莊園經(jīng)濟(jì)查理大帝關(guān)于管理莊園的詔令[J];歷史教學(xué);1957年09期

3 耿淡如;;世界中世紀(jì)史原始資料選輯(九)——關(guān)于西歐行會(huì)制度[J];歷史教學(xué);1958年06期

4 陳兆璋;西歐封建社會(huì)初期的商業(yè)與商人[J];廈門大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);1986年02期

，

本文編號(hào)：1838436