本文選題：“羅斯” + 瓦良格人��； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：俄國史學(xué)界對“羅斯”名稱起源與古羅斯國家形成問題存在長期爭論。本文對俄國及國外文獻(xiàn)史料考辨分析后認(rèn)為,瓦良格人、羅斯人更人可能是諾曼人,他們來自斯堪的納維亞半島�？脊刨Y料也證明沃爾霍夫-第聶伯河水道和伏爾加河水道所有關(guān)鍵商站的物質(zhì)文化本身都帶有斯堪的納維亞的遺跡。東歐平原的自然地理環(huán)境及其四鄰關(guān)系決定了東斯拉夫人最初的社會組織形式和國家形成模式。自然條件的惡劣,農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的分散和落后,社會分化的緩慢,使得東斯拉夫人在古羅斯國家的形成過程中只起到了奠基作用,他們只能等待機(jī)遇和外部動力才能建立古羅斯國家。這種機(jī)遇就是與拜古庭帝國廣泛的國際商貿(mào)活動,外部動力則是為這種商貿(mào)活動所吸引的、來自斯堪的納維亞的瓦良格人。建立在征服與貿(mào)易之上的羅斯國家,其社會經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和政治制度更多表現(xiàn)為城市公社對土地?fù)碛凶罡咚袡?quán),進(jìn)入城市公社的社會核心階層集體占有土地,并在政治上通過維徹(市民大會)維護(hù)城市公社與王公之間的權(quán)力平衡,從而形成一種較為特殊的城邦國家。 本文具體研究內(nèi)容主要包括以下幾個(gè)部分： 第一章：關(guān)于古羅斯國家起源與瓦良格問題的爭論。本章主要對自1749年Г.Φ.米勒爾與M.B.羅蒙諾索夫公開辯論以來所形成的諾曼派與反諾曼派之間250多年的爭論進(jìn)行了述評,旨在從史學(xué)史方面介紹俄國和西方學(xué)界對此問題爭論的主要觀點(diǎn)及論據(jù)。 第二章：羅斯名稱的起源。重點(diǎn)分析了俄國與西方文獻(xiàn)中有關(guān)“羅斯”名稱起源問題的記述。主要引用古羅斯編年史《往年紀(jì)事》、法蘭克史籍《別爾京編年史》、拜占庭史料《帝國行政論》、阿拉伯游記《利薩列》等文獻(xiàn)記載。在詳細(xì)分析“Pycb”與“Pocb”語言學(xué)之間的關(guān)系后認(rèn)為,“Pycb”一詞才是古羅斯名稱的本源,其最早是按照職業(yè)特征稱呼來到芬蘭地域上的斯堪的納維亞人。 第三章：斯堪的納維亞人在東歐平原的活動遺跡。主要評述并引用了沙俄時(shí)期、蘇聯(lián)時(shí)期以及近年來俄國在古羅斯國家起源問題研究中的考古學(xué)資料,依據(jù)對東歐平原有關(guān)地區(qū)的考古發(fā)掘報(bào)告、統(tǒng)計(jì)資料和相關(guān)論文的分析,進(jìn)一步肯定了斯堪的納維亞人在東歐地區(qū)的廣泛存在。 第四章：古羅斯國家的形成。本章首先從國家起源一般理論方面批駁了蘇聯(lián)及近年來俄國學(xué)者在古羅斯國家形成問題上的理論觀點(diǎn)。其次詳細(xì)分析論證了“商業(yè)羅斯”與“農(nóng)業(yè)羅斯”在國家形成中所起到的作用,但是這種外因與內(nèi)因的研究角度無法同答古羅斯國家形成的特殊性問題。因此,筆者又以羅斯地區(qū)自然地理環(huán)境和民族廣泛交流的大環(huán)境背景為研究視角對古羅斯國家起源問題進(jìn)行了論述。本章最后,具體分析論證了羅斯的城邦國家形態(tài)。 結(jié)語部分主要是從以上四個(gè)部分對本文寫作的主要觀點(diǎn)及理論主旨進(jìn)行的總結(jié)。
[Abstract]:Russian historians have long debated the origin of the name Ross and the formation of the ancient Ross state. After analyzing the historical data of Russian and foreign literature, it is concluded that the Varyag and the Roses may be Normans, and they are from Scandinavia. Archaeological data also show that the material culture of all key commercial stations in the Walhoff-Dnieper channel and the Volga waterway contains Scandinavian relics. The natural geographical environment of the Eastern European Plain and its neighboring relations determine the initial social organization and the state formation mode of the East Slavic people. The poor natural conditions, the scattered and backward agricultural economy, and the slow social differentiation made the East Slavic people play a fundamental role in the formation of the ancient country. They had to wait for opportunity and external power to build the ancient Ross state. This opportunity was a widespread international trade activity with the Baiutian Empire, and the external drive was attracted by the Varyag from Scandinavia. The social and economic system and political system of Ross, which is based on conquest and trade, is manifested in that the city commune has the highest ownership of the land, and the social core class that enters the city commune collectively occupies the land. In politics, it maintains the balance of power between the city commune and the princes through the city council, thus forming a special city-state state. This paper mainly includes the following parts: Chapter one: the debate about the origin of ancient Ross and Varyag. This chapter is mainly concerned with the history of the economic development since 1749. Millar and M. B. More than 250 years of debates between the Norman school and the anti-Norman school formed since Lomonosov's public debate were reviewed in order to introduce the main viewpoints and arguments of Russian and Western scholars on this issue from the historical history. Chapter two: the origin of Ross name. This paper focuses on the description of the origin of the name "Ross" in Russian and Western literature. The main references are the chronicles of Guros, the Chronicles of previous years, the Historical Books of Frank, the Chronicles of Beergin, the Historical Materials of Byzantium, the Theory of Imperial Administration, and the Arab Journey, the History of Lisalli, and so on. After detailed analysis of the relationship between "Pycb" and "Pocb" linguistics, it is concluded that the word "Pycb" is the origin of the ancient Ross name, and it is the Scandinavian people who came to Finland according to their professional characteristics. Chapter three: the remains of Scandinavian activity in the plains of Eastern Europe. This paper mainly reviews and quotes the archaeological data of Russia during the Russian period, the Soviet period and recent years in the study of the origin of the ancient Ross state, based on the archaeological excavation reports, statistical data and related papers on the Eastern European Plains. The extensive presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe was further affirmed. Chapter four: the formation of ancient Ross country. This chapter first refutes the theoretical views of Soviet Union and Russian scholars on the formation of ancient Ross state from the point of view of the general theory of the origin of the state. Secondly, it analyzes and demonstrates in detail the role played by "commercial Ross" and "agricultural Ross" in the formation of the country, but this kind of external cause and internal cause can not be studied from the perspective of the particularity of the formation of the ancient Ross country. Therefore, the author discusses the origin of ancient Ross from the angle of view of the natural geographical environment and the background of extensive communication between nationalities. At the end of this chapter, the author analyzes and demonstrates Ross's city-state state. The conclusion part is a summary of the main viewpoints and theoretical purport of this thesis from the above four parts.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K512.31

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