發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-02 01:46

  本文選題：納粹德國 + 農(nóng)業(yè)政策�。� 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：納粹德國的農(nóng)業(yè)政策因其特征鮮明一直是個(gè)令人關(guān)注、頗受爭議的問題。它帶有明顯的再農(nóng)業(yè)化傾向,與工業(yè)化進(jìn)程相抵牾,它是出于納粹領(lǐng)袖真正的意識形態(tài)理念,還是出于籠絡(luò)農(nóng)民的政治需要?其政策實(shí)施究竟能夠取得多大的成效? 納粹黨在選舉中贏得了農(nóng)民的支持,上臺后更要維護(hù)農(nóng)民的利益,提高農(nóng)民的地位以鞏固自己的統(tǒng)治；一戰(zhàn)中德國饑荒的陰影一直籠罩著人們的心頭,保障糧食自給自足自然也成了納粹政府農(nóng)業(yè)政策的基石。國家元首和國家利益同時(shí)選擇了農(nóng)業(yè)部長達(dá)雷。 納粹政府的農(nóng)業(yè)部長達(dá)雷提出“血與土”的意識形態(tài)理念。在這一意識形態(tài)理念中,“農(nóng)民”這一身份不僅僅是一種職業(yè),更是德意志民族區(qū)別于游牧民族的本質(zhì)所在。農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)保證了德國的糧食供應(yīng),保存了德意志民族的血脈,保護(hù)著德意志的土地家園,德意志民族的血源與土地緊密相連。 據(jù)此理念,納粹政府制定了一系列維護(hù)德意志農(nóng)民利益、保護(hù)德國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的富有特點(diǎn)的政策,其中主要體現(xiàn)在四個(gè)方面： 首先,納粹政府成立了“德國糧食總會”(Reichsnahrstand),達(dá)雷出任“德國農(nóng)民領(lǐng)袖”。該組織不僅橫跨鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)林牧漁各生產(chǎn)部門,而且將從事農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品加工和銷售的行業(yè)部門也囊括其中,其成員占據(jù)了德國六分之一的人口。它表面上順應(yīng)了農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域長期以來行業(yè)自治的要求,但實(shí)際上則是納粹政府操控糧食生產(chǎn)的半官方的機(jī)構(gòu)。其次,納粹政府出臺了《國家世襲農(nóng)莊法》(Reichserbhofgesetze),規(guī)定德國7.5公頃到125公頃的農(nóng)場可以登記成為“世襲農(nóng)莊”,其土地不得出售、抵押、拍賣和分割繼承,世襲農(nóng)莊的所有者稱為“世襲農(nóng)”。在債務(wù)減免上,“世襲農(nóng)”獲得了更為優(yōu)厚的政策資金支持,而且不會因?yàn)閭鶆?wù)問題而使得土地被強(qiáng)制拍賣。再次,納粹政府進(jìn)一步頒布了《塑造新德意志農(nóng)民法》,大張旗鼓地推進(jìn)農(nóng)民的墾殖(Bauernsiedlung)活動,鼓勵德意志人購買和開發(fā)土地,從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn),也為無法獲得土地繼承的農(nóng)民子女開辟新的出路。最后,納粹政府在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域鼓吹實(shí)施“生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)役”(Erzeugungsschlacht),擴(kuò)大種植面積,實(shí)施密集種植,悉心管理,合理分配資源,提高德國糧食的生產(chǎn)能力和供應(yīng)水平,以求實(shí)現(xiàn)德國糧食生產(chǎn)的“自給自足’ 然而,納粹政府在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域這一系列的政策設(shè)計(jì)并未能實(shí)現(xiàn)其預(yù)期的效果。德國糧食總會從成立伊始就成為了權(quán)力斗爭的競技場,不僅與其他行業(yè)或黨政部門齟齬不斷,而且內(nèi)部也一直處于權(quán)力整合動蕩之中,再加上機(jī)構(gòu)官僚化、冗員靡費(fèi),大大削弱了其對農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的指揮能力�！秶沂酪u農(nóng)莊法》不僅直接干預(yù)了農(nóng)民對其土地繼承的決定權(quán),而且斷絕了農(nóng)民通過土地質(zhì)押獲得現(xiàn)金貸款的可能,因而并沒有想象中那么受農(nóng)民歡迎。在經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)面前,該法律不斷修改,執(zhí)行尺度日益放寬,其濃厚的意識形態(tài)色彩也逐漸褪去。而納粹德國時(shí)期的農(nóng)民墾殖活動,由于世襲農(nóng)莊和國防建設(shè)使很多土地退出了市場,推高了地價(jià),反而受到了抑制,墾殖面積和人數(shù)還不如魏瑪時(shí)期。至于“生產(chǎn)戰(zhàn)役”方面,雖然在一定程度上提高了德國糧食生產(chǎn)的自給率,但是并未能從根本上解決德國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾,更是放大了對于飼料進(jìn)口的需求,加劇了農(nóng)業(yè)對國家外匯的爭奪。 戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后,納粹政府農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的機(jī)構(gòu)和法令迅速過渡到了戰(zhàn)時(shí)狀態(tài),對于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和食品分配實(shí)施了全面的干預(yù),強(qiáng)制上繳的執(zhí)行力度越來越嚴(yán)格,食品配給的覆蓋范圍越來越廣泛,再加上對被占領(lǐng)地區(qū)的掠奪,在相對較長的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)保持了德國人民較為充足的糧食供應(yīng),直至戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生根本性的轉(zhuǎn)折。戰(zhàn)爭給德國農(nóng)村帶來了大規(guī)模的人口流動和資源整合,但并沒有從根本上改變德國農(nóng)村的社會結(jié)構(gòu)狀況,卻嚴(yán)重削弱了德國農(nóng)村的生產(chǎn)能力。 納粹主義對于農(nóng)業(yè)的重視,是建立在其經(jīng)濟(jì)、民族、人口政策的種族主義意識形態(tài)之上,是以一種非理性的動機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的。貫徹這一理念的農(nóng)業(yè)政策與德國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)實(shí)的碰撞則構(gòu)成了第三帝國農(nóng)業(yè)一道獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景線。而事實(shí)也證明了,適應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)功能性的轉(zhuǎn)變,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的提升以及工農(nóng)業(yè)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,是無法依賴于種族等級制的國家的。 本文一共分為五章,以“意識形態(tài)——政策形成——政策執(zhí)行——執(zhí)行效果”為脈絡(luò)。第一章分析了納粹黨“血與土”意識形態(tài)的內(nèi)容與緣起；第二章主要討論了納粹黨上臺之前農(nóng)業(yè)政策演變,敘述了納粹黨在農(nóng)村地區(qū)擴(kuò)張的過程,并介紹了納粹黨上臺初期胡根貝格主導(dǎo)的農(nóng)業(yè)政策；第三章論述了納粹政府主要農(nóng)業(yè)政策的形成及其主要內(nèi)容：第四章分析了納粹政府農(nóng)業(yè)政策執(zhí)行的客觀效果；第五章敘述了二戰(zhàn)期間納粹政府農(nóng)業(yè)政策的變化及其結(jié)果。
[Abstract]:The agricultural policy of Nazi Germany has been a controversial issue because of its distinctive characteristics. It has a clear tendency to be re agricultural and contradict with the process of industrialization. Is it out of the real ideological concept of the Nazi leaders or the political needs of the farmers? How much effect can the implementation of its policy achieve?
The Nazi Party won the support of the peasants in the election. After taking power, the Nazi Party must maintain the interests of the peasants and enhance the status of the peasants to consolidate their rule. The shadow of the famine in Germany in the first World War has been shrouded in the minds of the people, and the self-sufficiency of grain has become the cornerstone of the Nazi government's agricultural policy. Daley, the Minister of agriculture, was chosen.
Daley, the agricultural minister of the Nazi government, proposed the ideological concept of "blood and soil". In this ideology, the identity of "farmers" is not only a profession, but also the essence of the difference between the German people and the nomadic people. The production of the peasants ensures the food supply of Germany, the blood of the German nation, and the preservation of the blood of the German nation. Protecting the land of Germany, the blood source of the German nation is closely linked to the land.
According to this idea, the Nazi government has formulated a series of policies to protect the interests of the German farmers and protect the agricultural production of Germany, which are mainly embodied in four aspects:
First, the Nazi government established the Reichsnahrstand. Daley was the "German farmer's leader". The organization not only spanned the production departments of rural, forestry, husbandry and fish, but also included the industry department that engaged in the processing and selling of agricultural products. The team occupied 1/6 of the population in Germany. For a long time, the demand for industry autonomy in the field of agriculture, but in fact the semi official institutions manipulating grain production by the Nazi government. Secondly, the Nazi government introduced the national hereditary farm law (Reichserbhofgesetze), which stipulates that 7.5 hectare to 125 hectares of farms in Germany can be recorded as "hereditary farms", and their land shall not be sold and mortgaged. The owners of the hereditary farms are called "hereditary farmers". In debt relief, "hereditary farmers" have obtained more generous support for policy funds, and will not be forced to be forced to auction because of debt problems. The Bauernsiedlung activities encourage the Germans to buy and develop land, engage in agricultural production, and open a new way for the children of farmers who are unable to inherit land. Finally, the Nazi government advocates the implementation of the "production campaign" (Erzeugungsschlacht) in the field of agriculture, enlarging the planting area, carrying out intensive planting, careful management. Rationalising resources to raise the production capacity and supply level of German grain in order to achieve "self-sufficiency" in German grain production.
However, the Nazi government's series of policy designs in the field of agriculture failed to achieve its desired results. The German food association became a arena of power struggle from the beginning of its establishment, not only with other industries or party and government departments, but also in the turmoil of power integration, and bureaucratic and redundant personnel. The state hereditary farm law not only directly interfered with the farmers' right to decide on their land inheritance, but also cut off the possibility that farmers can obtain cash loans through land pledge, so it was not so popular with farmers in imagination. In the face of economic reality, the law is constantly revised and held in the face of economic reality. In the Nazi German period, the farming activities of the Nazi Germany, due to the hereditary farm and the national defense construction, made a lot of land withdraw from the market, pushed up the land price, but were restrained, the reclamation area and the number of people were not as good as the Weimar period. In a certain degree, the self-sufficiency rate of the German grain production has been improved, but it has not fundamentally solved the structural contradiction of the German agricultural production, and has magnified the demand for the import of feed and intensified the competition for the foreign exchange of the country.
After the outbreak of the war, the institutions and decrees of the Nazi government in the field of agriculture quickly moved to the state of war, carried out comprehensive intervention on agricultural production and food distribution, and the enforcement of compulsory overturn was becoming more and more strict, the coverage of food rationing was more and more extensive, and the plundering of the occupied areas, in a relatively long period of time. In the meantime, the more sufficient grain supply of the German people was maintained until the fundamental turning point in the war. The war brought large mass flow of population and integration of resources to the German countryside, but it did not fundamentally change the social structure of the German rural areas, but seriously weakened the productive capacity of the country's rural areas.
The importance of Nazism to agriculture is based on the racist ideology of its economy, nation and population policy. It is based on an irrational motive. The impact of the agricultural policy and the reality of the German agricultural development is a unique landscape of the third empire agriculture. To adapt to the transformation of agricultural function, to achieve the promotion of agricultural production and the coordinated development of industry and agriculture, it is impossible to rely on the country of racial hierarchy.
This article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter analyzes the content and origin of the Nazi party "blood and soil" ideology, and the second chapter mainly discusses the evolution of the agricultural policy before the Nazi Party came to power, and narrated the process of the expansion of the Nazi party in the rural areas. It also introduces the agricultural policy led by the Nazi party at the beginning of the stage, and the third chapter discusses the formation and main contents of the main agricultural policies of the Nazi Government: the fourth chapter analyses the objective effect of the implementation of the Nazi government agricultural policy, and the fifth chapter describes the changes and results of the agricultural policy of the Nazi government during the Second World War.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K516.44

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