本文選題：坦桑尼亞 + 姆維尼總統(tǒng)　； 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：1967年2月5日,隨著《阿魯沙宣言》在革命黨全國(guó)執(zhí)行委員會(huì)大會(huì)上獲得通過,獨(dú)立不久的坦桑尼亞開始了長(zhǎng)達(dá)20多年的"烏賈馬"社會(huì)主義探索和發(fā)展時(shí)期。不過,由于政策本身與坦桑尼亞發(fā)展實(shí)際相脫離,再加上天災(zāi)人禍和國(guó)際外部因素的影響,20世紀(jì)70年代后期和80年代初期,坦桑尼亞遭遇了嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),迫切需要進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。1985年,尼雷爾的主動(dòng)讓賢和主張改革的姆維尼總統(tǒng)的上臺(tái)給坦桑尼亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整帶來了轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)。經(jīng)過與國(guó)際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行的協(xié)商,姆維尼接受了《經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)計(jì)劃》,獲得了國(guó)際組織的援助和貸款,并著手推進(jìn)以自由化和私有化為主要特征的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整。為了減少阻力,姆維尼巧妙地避免了關(guān)于意識(shí)形態(tài)和社會(huì)制度層面的爭(zhēng)論,并且在恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)機(jī)同步推進(jìn)以多黨制為主要內(nèi)容的政治民主化改革。一系列有利于市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的措施得以實(shí)施,外匯、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易、農(nóng)業(yè)、國(guó)有企業(yè)、銀行與金融業(yè)都朝著市場(chǎng)化和私有化的方向調(diào)整,民營(yíng)、私營(yíng)和外資經(jīng)濟(jì)得到快速發(fā)展。自由化和私有化的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整不僅使坦桑尼亞在短期內(nèi)緩解了經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī),維護(hù)了國(guó)家穩(wěn)定,并在與民生相關(guān)的行業(yè)也取得了一定的發(fā)展。姆維尼執(zhí)政時(shí)期(1985—1995)推行的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整雖然取得了一定的成績(jī),為坦桑尼亞后續(xù)發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ),但同時(shí)也出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重依賴外援、貪腐問題突出、貧富差距加大、社會(huì)公平缺失等一系列問題,這些問題也不可避免地成為了今天坦桑尼亞經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的桎梏。因此,當(dāng)下坦桑尼亞以及廣大撒哈拉以南非洲國(guó)家急需從歷史中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),探尋一條依托本國(guó)國(guó)情并且切實(shí)可行的可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路。
[Abstract]:On February 5, 1967, following the adoption of the Arusha Declaration at the Congress of the National Executive Committee of the Revolutionary Party, Tanzania, soon independent, began a period of more than 20 years of socialist exploration and development of "Ujama". However, as a result of the policy itself being divorced from the actual development of Tanzania, coupled with natural and man-made disasters and the impact of international external factors, Tanzania experienced a serious economic crisis in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There is an urgent need for economic restructuring. In 1985, Nyerere's initiative to allow the reformist President Mwinyi to take power brought about a turnaround in Tanzania's economic restructuring. In consultation with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, Mwinyi accepted the Economic recovery Plan, received aid and loans from international organizations, and embarked on a market economy adjustment characterized by liberalization and privatization. In order to reduce resistance, Mwinyi cleverly avoided arguments about ideology and social system, and at the right time pushed forward the reform of political democratization with multi-party system as the main content. A series of measures favorable to the development of market economy have been implemented. Foreign exchange, import and export trade, agriculture, state-owned enterprises, banks and finance have all been adjusted in the direction of marketization and privatization, and the private, private and foreign economies have developed rapidly. The economic restructuring of liberalization and privatization not only alleviated the economic crisis and maintained the country's stability in the short term, but also made certain progress in the industries related to people's livelihood. Although the economic restructuring carried out by Mwinyi during his term of office from 1985 to 1995) made certain achievements and laid the foundation for Tanzania's subsequent development, it also appeared to be heavily dependent on foreign aid. The problem of corruption was prominent, and the gap between the rich and the poor widened. Lack of social equity and other problems inevitably become the shackles of Tanzania's sustainable economic development today. Therefore, Tanzania and sub-Saharan African countries are in urgent need of summing up their experiences and lessons from history to find a way to sustainable development that depends on their own national conditions and is feasible.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K425.6

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