本文選題：美國 + 海洋法問題的政策　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：聯(lián)合國曾分別于1958、1960和1973-1982年召開了三次海洋法會議，旨在編纂國際海洋法，確定海洋各海域的法律地位，調(diào)整各國從事各種海洋活動的關(guān)系。作為當(dāng)時(shí)最強(qiáng)大的海洋大國，美國推動和參加了聯(lián)合國三次海洋法會議。本文利用美國政府文件，并借鑒相關(guān)的研究成果，追蹤1958-1982年美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策與談判策略的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)和演變歷程，考察美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策的決策機(jī)制，探究美國海洋法利益，探討和分析美國拒絕簽署和批準(zhǔn)1982年《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》與1994年《關(guān)于執(zhí)行1982年12月10日聯(lián)合國海洋法公約第11部分的協(xié)定》的原因、得失與影響，揭示聯(lián)合國海洋法會議對美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策的影響，以及作為雙向互動的結(jié)果，美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策與談判策略又在何種程度上以何種方式影響了會議的進(jìn)程。 本文內(nèi)容一共包括引言、五章正文和結(jié)語七個(gè)部分，主要內(nèi)容如下： 引言部分首先追溯了國際海洋法的歷史發(fā)展，隨后對國內(nèi)外學(xué)界關(guān)于海洋法問題的研究成果進(jìn)行歸納和總結(jié)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，闡述本文的理論與現(xiàn)實(shí)意義、研究思路與方法、研究的創(chuàng)新與不足。最后闡明本文使用頻率很高的一些法律概念，并闡釋本文的題目。 第一章考察了戰(zhàn)后初期和第一、二次聯(lián)合國海洋法會議期間美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策。《杜魯門公告》和大陸架立場是戰(zhàn)后初期美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策的主要內(nèi)容。3海里和6海里領(lǐng)海寬度與9海里或6海里附有不同歷史捕魚權(quán)利的毗連漁區(qū)是美國在第一、第二次聯(lián)合國海洋法會議上的主要政策。《杜魯門公告》的出臺凸顯了美國決策的不周，領(lǐng)海寬度和毗連漁區(qū)政策反映了美國以國家安全利益為先的理念。 第二章考察了1960-1973年美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策�？夏岬稀s翰遜政府拒絕談判多邊協(xié)定，在應(yīng)對馬耳他提案過程中形成了初步的海底立場，并在與蘇聯(lián)舉行的海洋法談判中制定了12海里領(lǐng)海、自由通過和飛越國際海峽以及承認(rèn)沿海國享有12海里領(lǐng)海之外的優(yōu)惠漁權(quán)三項(xiàng)政策。尼克松政府時(shí)期確定了大陸架和海底政策、繼承了約翰遜政府的領(lǐng)海和國際海峽政策，修改了漁業(yè)政策，出臺了海洋環(huán)境和海洋科學(xué)研究政策。在第三次聯(lián)合國海洋法會議籌備會議上，除了12海里領(lǐng)海之外，美國的其他海洋法問題政策均未獲得多數(shù)支持。在談判過程中，美國日益傾向支持200海里專屬資源區(qū)，這是美國國內(nèi)利益集團(tuán)影響和國際壓力雙重作用的結(jié)果。 第三章考察了1973-1976年第三次聯(lián)合國海洋法會議期間美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策以及政策的談判情況。1975年，美國實(shí)現(xiàn)了領(lǐng)海和國際海峽方面的談判目標(biāo)，到了1976年美國基本上實(shí)現(xiàn)了漁業(yè)和海洋環(huán)境方面的談判目標(biāo)，大陸邊緣外部界限的談判趨勢符合美國的立場，而海洋科學(xué)研究談判則制定了同意制度條款，美國的海洋科學(xué)研究政策未能取得突破。這一時(shí)期，美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策出現(xiàn)了重大調(diào)整，一是同意200海里專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，一是針對深海底采礦作出巨大讓步，只是美國的讓步收效甚微，深海底采礦談判陷入僵局。深海底采礦讓步反映了海洋法談判對美國深海底采礦政策的影響，亦反映了美國對早日達(dá)成海洋法條約的渴望。 第四章考察了1977-1980年聯(lián)合國海洋法會議期間美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策。1977年海洋法會議產(chǎn)生了美國不接受的非正式綜合談判案文，，促使美國政府調(diào)整談判策略：對外尋求海洋法條約替代選擇，對內(nèi)支持國會進(jìn)行深海底采礦立法。談判程序改進(jìn)后，美國重返“妥協(xié)”立場，繼續(xù)參加海洋法談判，謀求修改非正式談判案文，并繼續(xù)作出了一些深海底采礦讓步，進(jìn)而促成了為美國接受的1980年《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》草案。 第五章考察了1981-1982年最后兩期聯(lián)合國海洋法會議美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策，概述了1982-1994年美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策，闡述了美國拒絕簽署和批準(zhǔn)1982年《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》與1994年《關(guān)于執(zhí)行1982年12月10日聯(lián)合國海洋法公約第11部分》的原因、得失與影響。 結(jié)語部分對美國關(guān)于海洋法問題的政策的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)和分析，并對美國關(guān)于海洋問題的政策進(jìn)行了思考。
[Abstract]:The United Nations has respectively in 19581960 and 1973-1982 years held the three Conference on the law of the sea, aimed at the codification of international law of the sea, the waters of the ocean to determine the legal status, adjust the relationship between the countries engaged in a variety of marine activities. As the most powerful maritime country, the United States to promote and participated in United Nations Conference on the law of the sea. Three the United States the government documents, and drawing on the research, development and evolution of track 1958-1982 years in the United States on the issues of the law and policy negotiation strategy, study the decision-making mechanism of American policy on the issues of the law, explore the law of the sea interests, to explore and analyze the causes of the United States refused to sign and ratify the UN law of the sea "in 1982 the Convention on the implementation of the December 10, 1982" and 1994 "United Nations Convention on the law of the eleventh part of the agreement", the success and influence, reveal the law of the Sea Convention of beauty The influence of China's policy on the issue of the law of the sea, as well as the result of two-way interaction, to what extent does the US's policy and negotiation strategy on the law of the sea affect the process of the conference?
The content of this article includes the introduction, the five chapters and the conclusion of seven parts, the main contents are as follows:
The introduction part first traces the history of the development of the international law of the sea, and then to the domestic and foreign research on the law of the sea and summarized. On this basis, this paper expounds the theoretical and practical significance, research ideas and methods, innovation and shortcomings of the research. Finally, this paper expounds some legal concept of very high frequency of use in this paper, and explain the problem.
The first chapter reviews the conference on the law of the sea and the early postwar period the first, Second United Nations Conference on the law of the sea during the American policy. Truman notice > and the continental shelf position is the main content of the early post-war U.S. policy on the issues of the law of the sea of.3 and 6 mile width and 9 miles or 6 nautical miles with adjacent fishing in different historical fishing rights the United States is in the first, the main policy of the second United Nations Conference on the law of the sea. Truman on the introduction of the highlights of the U.S. announcement > decision not, the breadth of the territorial sea and the contiguous areas of policy reflects the national security interests for the first concept.
The second chapter reviews the 1960-1973 years in the United States on the issues of the law policy. The Kennedy Johnson government refused to negotiate a multilateral agreement, in response to the Malta proposal during the formation of the initial submarine position, and developed a 12 mile sea in negotiations with the Soviet Union held, and over the international freedom through the Strait and the coastal States enjoy 12 miles outside of that sea fishing rights three preferential policy. The Nixon Administration determined the continental shelf and sea policy, the Johnson administration inherited the territorial waters and international Straits policy, modify the fisheries policy, introduced the marine environment and marine scientific research policy. In the preparatory meeting for the third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea, in addition to the 12 mile territorial sea. Other policy issues of the law of the sea of the United States are not majority support. In the process of negotiations, the United States increasingly inclined to support the 200 mile exclusive resource area, the It is the result of the impact of American domestic interest groups and the dual role of international pressure.
The third chapter examines the Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea during the 1973-1976 years of U.S. policy on the issues of the law and policy negotiation in.1975, the United States implemented the territorial sea and international Straits in the negotiations, in 1976 the United States basically realized the fisheries and marine environmental aspects of the negotiations, the negotiations of the outer edge of the continental margin with the position of the United States, and the negotiation of marine scientific research made a breakthrough in terms of consent system, policy of marine scientific research failed to the United States. During this period, the United States on the issues of the law policy has greatly changed, one is to 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone is a large concessions for deep seabed mining. Only the United States concessions have little effect, deep seabed mining negotiations stalled. Deep seabed mining concession reflects the negotiations on the United States Marine Policy of deep seabed mining method The impact also reflects the desire of the United States to reach an early Treaty on the law of the sea.
The fourth chapter examines the United Nations Conference on the law of the sea during the 1977-1980 years of U.S. policy on the issues of the law.1977 Annual Conference on the law of the sea the United States does not accept the informal composite negotiating text, prompted the government to adjust strategy: to seek alternatives to the Convention on the law of the sea, in support of Congress for deep seabed mining legislation. The negotiation process improved the United States, to return to the "compromise" position, continue to participate in the negotiations seeking to amend the law of the sea, the informal negotiating text, and continue to make some deep seabed mining concessions, which contributed to the draft Convention "in 1980" United Nations Convention on the law of the United States to accept.
The fifth chapter examines the U.S. policy on the law of the sea, the last two United Nations Conference on the law of the sea for 1981-1982 years, the 1982-1994 years in the United States on the issues of the law policy, expounds the reasons for the United States refused to sign and ratify the execution of the December 10, 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea eleventh 1982 > < the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea "and in 1994 <, pros and cons.
The concluding part summarizes and analyzes the characteristics of the United States policy on the law of the law of the sea, and thinks about the policy of the United States on marine issues.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D993.5;K712.54

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 周子亞;;論聯(lián)合國第三次海洋法會議與《海洋法公約》[J];上海師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版);1983年04期

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