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  本文選題：中美緩和　切入點：尼克松政府　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 經(jīng)歷22年的對抗之后，在20世紀(jì)60年代末、70年代初的國際國內(nèi)環(huán)境影響下，中美兩國政府都希望通過改善彼此之間的關(guān)系，來改善各自當(dāng)時身處的國內(nèi)外局面。對于美國尼克松政府來說，與中國改善關(guān)系，就短期而言，有利于在美國推行“越南化”政策、從“越戰(zhàn)脫身”的同時，通過利用中國與蘇聯(lián)之間日益尖銳的矛盾，防范其中任何一方乘機填補美國在遠東地區(qū)留下的戰(zhàn)略真空；就長遠來說，則是在世界多極化勢不可阻擋的背景下，積極參與這一歷史進程的塑造，爭取使未來出現(xiàn)的多極化格局對美國較為有利。以毛澤東、周恩來為代表的中國黨和國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之所以主張與美國和解，主要是在內(nèi)有“文革”之亂、外有蘇聯(lián)之患的環(huán)境下，企圖利用超級大國之間的矛盾改善中國的安全環(huán)境，也就是實行“聯(lián)美制蘇”的戰(zhàn)略。 雖然中美兩國政府存在改善關(guān)系的上述動力，但兩國政府在緩和道路上卻面臨著一大堆障礙，主要表現(xiàn)在四個方面：一是由于兩國長期處于敵對狀態(tài)，兩國人民之間的隔閡、兩國當(dāng)權(quán)者之間的猜忌防范之心，都不可能朝夕之間得以消除；二是中美長期敵對狀態(tài)還造就了一批利益相關(guān)者，如聚攏在兩國周圍的盟國和其他“志同道合”的國際政治勢力，不少這類盟友因為自身利益的緣故，寧愿中美目前這種敵對的關(guān)系維持下去；三是認(rèn)為自身利益受到中美緩和損害的蘇聯(lián)，毫無疑問會利用自己巨大的國際影響力，千方百計阻撓和破壞這一進程；四是兩國當(dāng)權(quán)者的政敵們可以利用兩國民眾之間的隔閡、盟國的不滿、蘇聯(lián)的破壞以及當(dāng)權(quán)者處置這些矛盾的失當(dāng)，來削弱當(dāng)權(quán)者的威信和權(quán)力，，達到其為自身政治利益服務(wù)的目的。由此決定，緩和進程不會一帆風(fēng)順。 上述因素的存在，決定了緩和進程不會一帆風(fēng)順。 面對這些挑戰(zhàn)，中美領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都力求在緩和進程中盡可能減少自己的政治風(fēng)險，同時推動國家利益的實現(xiàn)。為此，他們必須做到：一、避免緩和政策在國內(nèi)被等同于無原則的妥協(xié)政策；二、避免緩和政策在各自陣營中被等同于對盟國的背叛政策：三、避免緩和政策被蘇聯(lián)人理解為建立反蘇同盟的政策；四、避免緩和對象利用自己的緩和意愿，在緩和進程中牽著自己鼻子走。上述考慮，始終影響著中美雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在尋求改善兩國關(guān)系過程中的行為，支配著雙方的互動方式、談判重點以及為妥協(xié)設(shè)置的底線，從源頭上塑造了日后中美關(guān)系“和平共處”、“求同存異”的基本特征。 本文以近10年來美國方面陸續(xù)解密的相關(guān)政府外交檔案為主要依據(jù)，以1969——1972年中美兩國政府在緩和進程中如何看待和處理上述矛盾為中心議題，通過重點考察兩國政府在1969年中蘇邊界沖突、第135、136次中美大使級會談、乒乓外交、尼克松訪華等事件中的種種表現(xiàn)，以及各利益攸關(guān)方對于這些表現(xiàn)的種種反應(yīng)，為深入理解中美緩和這一歷史事件以及中美關(guān)系的本質(zhì)，提供些許心得。
[Abstract]:After 22 years of fighting, at the end of 1960s, the beginning of the 70s international and domestic environment under the influence of both China and the United States hopes to improve the relationship between each other, to improve their time in the domestic and international situation. For the Nixon administration, and China improved relations, the short term, is conducive to the implementation of the "Vietnamization" policy in the United States, from "the escape" at the same time, through the use of the contradiction between the Chinese and the Soviet Union, to prevent any one of them to fill the vacuum left in the Far East Strategy of America; it is long, the multi polarization of the world irresistible background, shaping actively participate in this the course of history, and strive to make multi polarization pattern in the future is more favorable to the United States. With Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai as the representative of the China party and state leaders advocated reconciliation with the United States, the main If all of the "Cultural Revolution" of the chaos, outside the Soviet Union with the environment, to improve the security environment Chinese by contradiction between the superpowers, also is the implementation of "Deng Su" strategy.
Although the United States government the power to improve relations between the two governments, but at ease road is facing a number of obstacles, mainly in four aspects: one is because of the long-term in a state of hostility, estrangement between the two peoples, between the two countries in the prevention of heart envy, could not be a day. The two is eliminated; Sino US long-term hostilities have created a number of stakeholders, such as the two countries gathered around the allies and other "like-minded" international political forces, many of these allies because of their own interests because of the current Sino US rather hostile relationship maintained; the three is that the interests are damage to Sino American detente the Soviet Union, no doubt will use their huge international influence, to obstruct and undermine the process; the four is between the leaders of the two countries can use two political opponents The estrangement among the people, the discontent of the allies, the failure of the Soviet Union and the mishandling of these contradictions by the authorities in order to weaken the prestige and power of the authorities and achieve their purpose of serving their own political interests, thus deciding that the mitigation process will not be smooth sailing.
The existence of these factors determines that the moderated process will not be smooth.
In the face of these challenges, both Chinese and American leaders in an effort to ease in the process as much as possible to reduce its own political risk, and promote the realization of national interests. Therefore, they must do: first, to avoid the policy of detente is equated to unprincipled compromise policy in China; two, to avoid corrosion and policy is equivalent to the betrayal in policy each camp: three, to avoid policy easing by the Soviets understand for the establishment of anti Soviet Alliance Policy; four, avoid using their willingness to ease ease the object, in the process of easing holding his nose. The above considerations, always affects the leaders of both sides sought to improve relations between the two countries in the process of behavior, dominate interaction between the two sides, and the bottom line is the focus of negotiations compromise set, from the source to the shaping of Sino US relations "on peaceful coexistence", "the basic characteristics of common ground".
The past 10 years the United States has declassified archives related to the government as the main basis, from 1969 to 1972 the United States government in transition in the process of how to deal with these contradictions as the central issue, by focusing on the governments of the two countries in 1969, Sino Soviet border conflict, the 135136th Sino us ambassadorial talks, ping pong diplomacy, all sorts of events in Nixon in China, as well as various stakeholders to respond to this performance, for further understanding the mollification of this historical event and the nature of Sino US relations, to provide some experience.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K27;K712.54;D823.712

【引證文獻】

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1 張杰;宋卓如;;尼克松政府對中蘇沖突的評估、分析與決策[J];國際論壇;2013年02期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 張潤;毛澤東聯(lián)美抗蘇戰(zhàn)略研究[D];華東師范大學(xué);2011年

2 王宇;中美兩國在朝鮮半島的安全博弈[D];延邊大學(xué);2013年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 馬駿飛;中美關(guān)系解凍的秘密渠道研究：（1969—1972）[D];河南大學(xué);2010年

2 胡立菲;冷戰(zhàn)后中國公共外交與國家形象的塑造[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2012年

本文編號：1688298