本文選題：奧地利　切入點：普魯士　出處：《世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治》2017年05期

【摘要】：作者以18世紀(jì)普魯士和奧地利作為案例來研究第一波半現(xiàn)代化(1700—1789年)中的改革,通過融合軍事官僚論和強(qiáng)制資本論兩種路徑,從三個方面介紹兩國的改革歷程:在政治改革中,由于貴族的虛弱,普魯士和奧地利都不同程度地加強(qiáng)了中央集權(quán);在經(jīng)濟(jì)改革中,普魯士和奧地利都未能徹底廢除農(nóng)奴制度,但是通過重商主義和國家干預(yù)部分實現(xiàn)了工業(yè)化;在財政改革中,普魯士和奧地利都加強(qiáng)了中央政府對財政的管理,大幅提高了財政收入。總體來看,它們的改革都為其此后的大國之路奠定了基礎(chǔ)。但是,由于奧地利未能徹底擺脫王朝國家的特性,缺乏足夠強(qiáng)的國家能力,始終未能成為一流大國;而普魯士依靠更強(qiáng)的國家能力,在舊制度下實現(xiàn)了高效的管理。將樣本拓展到18世紀(jì)的西歐各國可以發(fā)現(xiàn),相比法國、西班牙和奧地利,只有普魯士那樣同時具備較弱的利益集團(tuán)和較強(qiáng)的國家能力,才能在舊制度下成功推動部分改革。
[Abstract]:The author takes Prussia and Austria as examples in the 18th century to study the reform in the first wave of semi-modernization 1700-1789. By combining the two paths of military bureaucracy theory and compulsory capital theory, the author introduces the reform course of the two countries from three aspects: in political reform, Due to the weakness of the aristocrats, Prussia and Austria strengthened centralization in varying degrees. In the economic reform, both Prussia and Austria failed to abolish the serf system completely, but industrialized partly through mercantilism and state intervention. In fiscal reform, both Prussia and Austria have strengthened the central government's fiscal management and substantially increased fiscal revenues. Overall, their reforms have laid the foundation for their subsequent path to a big country. Because Austria has not completely escaped the identity of the dynastic state and lacks a sufficiently strong national capacity, it has never been able to become a first-class power; Prussia, however, relies on a stronger national capacity. Under the old system, efficient management was achieved. By extending the sample to Western European countries in the 18th century, it was found that only Prussia had the same weak interest groups and stronger national capacity as France, Spain and Austria. Only under the old system can part of the reform be successfully promoted.
【作者單位】： 復(fù)旦大學(xué)國際關(guān)系與公共事務(wù)學(xué)院;
【基金】：筆者主持的中國博士后科學(xué)基金“現(xiàn)代化的起點:早期西歐國家興衰的歷史經(jīng)驗”(課題編號:2016M600273)的階段性成果 陳樹渠比較政治發(fā)展研究中心項目“18世紀(jì)西歐的現(xiàn)代化與國家建設(shè)研究”(項目編號:CCPDS-FudanNDKT16006)的資助
【分類號】：K516.3;K521.3
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本文編號：1659928