本文選題：二戰(zhàn)　切入點(diǎn)：德國(guó)　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2010年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：德國(guó)在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中戰(zhàn)敗,戰(zhàn)后必須為軍事上的失敗及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的罪行支付賠償。戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)賠償從1945年開始,至今尚未結(jié)束。按照時(shí)間順序,本文分3章對(duì)3個(gè)階段的戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)賠償進(jìn)行論述：占領(lǐng)時(shí)期的賠償、冷戰(zhàn)期間聯(lián)邦德國(guó)的賠償和德國(guó)重新統(tǒng)一后的賠償。對(duì)比占領(lǐng)時(shí)期和聯(lián)邦德國(guó)時(shí)期的賠償可以看出,戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)經(jīng)歷了從“被動(dòng)賠償”向“主動(dòng)賠償”的轉(zhuǎn)變。占領(lǐng)時(shí)期德國(guó)在盟國(guó)的強(qiáng)制下支付賠償,聯(lián)邦德國(guó)則是主動(dòng)向戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)受害者支付賠償。 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間盟國(guó)就開始討論制訂戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)賠償政策,美國(guó)、英國(guó)和蘇聯(lián)政府內(nèi)部都制訂了相關(guān)方案。雅爾塔到波茨坦會(huì)議對(duì)德國(guó)賠償問題做出了決議,三大國(guó)代表為此進(jìn)行了激烈爭(zhēng)論。雅爾塔會(huì)議確定了德國(guó)以實(shí)物支付賠償?shù)脑瓌t,波茨坦會(huì)議確定了“分區(qū)賠償”原則。1946年以后美國(guó)與蘇聯(lián)終結(jié)了在賠償事務(wù)上的合作。1945至1953年占領(lǐng)時(shí)期東德與西德的賠償政策差別很大。蘇聯(lián)在東德大規(guī)模拆遷工業(yè)設(shè)備和提取工業(yè)產(chǎn)品作為賠償,嚴(yán)重削弱了東德地區(qū)的工業(yè)實(shí)力。美國(guó)則在1946年以后大幅度削減西德賠償計(jì)劃,扶植西德工業(yè)復(fù)興。 聯(lián)邦德國(guó)建立后,阿登納政府為了重建德國(guó)在國(guó)際社會(huì)的聲望,積極對(duì)以色列和猶太人世界進(jìn)行賠償。1952年德以簽訂《盧森堡條約》,聯(lián)邦德國(guó)從1952至1966年向以色列和猶太人世界支付了34.5億馬克賠償,對(duì)以色列經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起到了重要作用。根據(jù)《盧森堡條約》的規(guī)定,聯(lián)邦德國(guó)在1956年頒布《聯(lián)邦賠償法》,對(duì)二戰(zhàn)中的受害者進(jìn)行賠償。這是人類歷史上第一次有戰(zhàn)敗國(guó)制訂法律保障戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)受害者獲取賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。猶太人世界還組織起來向一些使用過猶太勞工的德國(guó)企業(yè)發(fā)起賠償訴訟,一些德國(guó)企業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)外壓力下向猶太勞工支付了賠償,如IG法本、克虜伯、西門子、奔馳、大眾公司等。 德國(guó)重新統(tǒng)一和冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,大量東歐地區(qū)的二戰(zhàn)勞工向德國(guó)發(fā)起了賠償訴訟。2000年聯(lián)邦德國(guó)政府和企業(yè)共同出資建立了“紀(jì)念、責(zé)任與未來”基金會(huì),2001至2007年有100多萬名中歐和東歐地區(qū)的二戰(zhàn)勞工得到賠償。 德國(guó)通過持續(xù)性的賠償展示了反思戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和承擔(dān)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪責(zé)的勇氣與決心,大大改善了德國(guó)的國(guó)際形象,為德國(guó)重返西方世界消除了道德上的障礙。戰(zhàn)后德國(guó)賠償還對(duì)東亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)受害者向日本索取賠償有一定借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:Germany was defeated in the second World War and must pay compensation for military defeat and war crimes after the war. Postwar German reparations began in 1945 and have not yet ended. This paper discusses the compensation of postwar Germany in three stages: compensation during the occupation period, compensation for the Federal Germany during the Cold War and compensation after the reunification of Germany, which can be seen from the comparison of the compensation during the occupation period and the period of the Federal Republic of Germany. After the war, Germany underwent a transformation from "passive compensation" to "active compensation". During the occupation period, Germany paid compensation under the compulsion of its allies, while the Federal Republic of Germany paid compensation to the victims of the war on its own initiative. During the second World War, the allies began to discuss the formulation of a post-war German compensation policy, and the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union all worked out relevant plans. Yalta's meeting at Potsdam made a resolution on German compensation. The representatives of the three powers had a heated debate over the matter. The Yalta meeting established the principle of Germany's payment of compensation in kind. After 1946, the United States and the Soviet Union ended their cooperation in compensation matters. The compensation policies of East Germany and West Germany during the occupation period from 1945 to 1953 were very different. Industrial equipment and extraction of industrial products as compensation, Industrial power in the East Germany region has been severely weakened. The United States, after 1946, drastically reduced the West German compensation program and nurtured an industrial revival in West Germany. After the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Adenauer government, in order to rebuild Germany's prestige in the international community, Israel and the Jewish world were actively compensated. In 1952, Germany and Israel signed the Treaty of Luxembourg, and the Federal Republic of Germany paid 3.45 billion marks of compensation to Israel and the Jewish world from 1952 to 1966. Has played an important role in the economic development of Israel. According to the provisions of the Luxembourg Treaty, In 1956, the Federal Republic of Germany promulgated the Federal compensation Act to compensate victims of World War II. This is the first time in human history that a defeated country has enacted laws to guarantee the right of war victims to compensation. Get up and sue for compensation against some German companies that have used Jewish labor. Some German companies have paid compensation to Jewish workers under domestic and foreign pressure, such as IG, Krupp, Siemens, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, etc. After the reunification of Germany and the end of the cold war, a large number of workers in Eastern Europe filed a compensation lawsuit against Germany. In 2000, the federal government and enterprises co-funded the "memorial," Between 2001 and 2007, more than a million World War II workers in Central and Eastern Europe were compensated. Germany has demonstrated its courage and determination to reflect on the war and bear responsibility for war crimes through sustained reparations, which has greatly improved its international image. After the war, German compensation can also be used as a reference for the victims of the East Asian war to claim compensation from Japan.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K153

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本文編號(hào)：1624191