本文選題：英國議會　切入點：主權(quán)　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在1529至1689年間，英國議會經(jīng)歷了重大變化，從一個不定期召開的政治輔助會議，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌Ｒ?guī)的最高權(quán)力決策機構(gòu)。 議會戰(zhàn)勝了所有競爭者，教皇、國王和下院。1529年宗教改革開始后，羅馬教皇的權(quán)威在英國開始潰退。1689年《權(quán)利法案》禁止天主教信仰者繼承王位，，標(biāo)志著教皇再也不能競爭英國主權(quán)了。國王與議會爭奪主權(quán)，導(dǎo)致了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)。議會雖然取得了勝利，但自身卻蛻變?yōu)閮H剩少數(shù)下院議員的寡頭政體。奧利弗·克倫威爾嘗試為議會寡頭政體設(shè)置制衡，建立了護國公政體。護國公政體因為以軍隊的支持為基礎(chǔ)，最終失去了民眾的信任。與議會寡頭和護國公政體相比，民眾更傾向于恢復(fù)君主制。斯圖亞特王朝復(fù)辟恢復(fù)了議會與國王對主權(quán)的爭奪。詹姆斯二世因為在英國恢復(fù)天主教信仰，失去了議會中原有的支持者。輝格黨和托利黨聯(lián)合發(fā)動政變，趕走了詹姆斯二世，將信仰新教的威廉和瑪麗加冕為王。 議會能夠在眾多競爭者中脫穎而出，因為議會能夠最大限度地避免專制政治。議會自身的結(jié)構(gòu)賦予議會主權(quán)先天的憲政因子。與由教皇或國王掌握最高權(quán)力的政體不同，議會權(quán)力由國王、貴族和平民共同產(chǎn)生。主權(quán)在產(chǎn)生之前已經(jīng)通過了議會內(nèi)部的預(yù)制衡，消除了專制的風(fēng)險。國王和上院的存在，能夠避免下院被少數(shù)人操控，形成下院專權(quán)。英國議會通過不同于傳統(tǒng)君主制的方式，產(chǎn)生了保護而不是侵害公眾權(quán)利的主權(quán)。
[Abstract]:Between 1529 and 1689, the British Parliament underwent a major shift from an ad hoc auxiliary political meeting to a conventional supreme decision-making body. Parliament defeated all contenders, the Pope, the King and the House of Commons. After the religious reforms began on 1529, the pope's authority began to fester in England. The 1689 Bill of Rights prohibits Catholic believers from succeeding to the throne. A sign that the Pope can no longer compete for British sovereignty. The king fought for sovereignty with Parliament, which led to the outbreak of a civil war. But he turned into an oligarchy with only a few members of the House of Commons. Oliver Cromwell tried to put checks and balances on the oligarch in Parliament and established the regime of the protectorate, which was based on the support of the army. Lost the trust of the people. Compared with the oligarchs and the protectors, The people were more inclined to restore the monarchy. The restoration of the Stuart dynasty had restored the struggle for sovereignty between Parliament and the king. James II had reinstated the Catholic faith in England. The Whigs and Tories United in a coup that drove out James II and crowned Protestant William and Mary as kings. Parliament can stand out from many competitors because it can avoid authoritarian politics to the maximum extent. Parliament's own structure gives it inherent constitutional elements of sovereignty. Unlike a regime in which the pope or king holds the highest power, Parliamentary power is co-created by kings, nobles and civilians. Sovereignty has been pre-empted by pre-checks and balances within Parliament, eliminating the risk of despotism. The existence of the king and the upper house can prevent the lower house from being manipulated by a minority. The British Parliament, in a way different from the traditional monarchy, produces sovereignty that protects, not infringes, the rights of the public.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D756.1;K561.33

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