本文選題：七七事變　切入點：蘇聯(lián)　出處：《黑龍江省社會科學院》2009年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 1931年日本帝國主義發(fā)動的“九一八事變”及隨后發(fā)動的侵略中國東北的戰(zhàn)爭,不儀使中華民族陷入空前的民族危機之中,在世界上也引起了強烈的反響。面對日軍的侵略行徑,各國政府迅速作出了相應的反應,中國的重要鄰邦蘇聯(lián)在“九一八事變”發(fā)生后的十年間,對華政策的更迭更是值得我們去探究。 “九一八事變”發(fā)生前,蘇、中、日三國之間的關系錯綜復雜。因國民黨右派反蘇反共氣焰囂張,加上中東路事件,中蘇關系在這一時期落入低谷,最終發(fā)展到雙方斷交。而隨著中國抗日戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā),嚴峻的事實使得中蘇兩國政府認識到,兩國共同面對的最大威脅是日本帝國主義,迫于現(xiàn)實壓力,中蘇兩國又重新復交。而日本發(fā)動侵華戰(zhàn)爭,并不僅僅就是為了侵略中國,實際上是把中國東北作為反蘇戰(zhàn)爭的橋頭堡,進一步北進蘇聯(lián),但由于自身實力有限,日本不敢輕易冒犯蘇聯(lián),因此在遠東就形成了蘇日相互對峙的局面。 在這種遠東國際背景下,蘇聯(lián)政府在日本發(fā)動“九一八事變”后,對華政策發(fā)生了從不干涉到援華抗日的演變。從1931年“九一八事變”到1937年“七七事變”,在這一階段蘇聯(lián)對華實行了不干涉政策。原因有四點:其一,從當時蘇聯(lián)的情況來看,實行不干涉政策是出于自身戰(zhàn)略利益的需要;其二,“九一八”事變還沒有直接威脅到蘇聯(lián)的利益;其三,當時蘇聯(lián)的國力不強,特別是遠東地區(qū)經濟發(fā)展速度極其緩慢,這就直接影響到蘇聯(lián)的遠東防務,遠東地區(qū)又是蘇聯(lián)極為敏感的地區(qū),這一地區(qū)戰(zhàn)爭因素的任何增長都將對蘇聯(lián)形成威脅。此外,我們還不應忽略一個事實,即蘇聯(lián)當時是凱洛格非戰(zhàn)公約的參加國。鑒于以上四方面的考慮,蘇聯(lián)對華政策主要采取中立的不干涉政策就不足為奇了。究其不干涉政策的一個重要原因,根源就在其自身的民族利己主義,即出于自身國家戰(zhàn)略利益的考慮,力圖為其贏得一個相對和平的外部環(huán)境。不干涉政策是蘇聯(lián)進行國際斗爭的一種策略,是為了避免卷入與日本的沖突,不干涉政策的實質是一種妥協(xié),是為了避免激化與日本的矛盾。同時,我們必須指出,不干涉政策嚴重損害了中國的主權和利益。 隨著日本侵華戰(zhàn)爭的步步深入,最終爆發(fā)了“七七事變”,這一事變不僅引發(fā)了中國全民族的抗戰(zhàn),也使得蘇聯(lián)對華政策發(fā)生了很大變化。從1937年“七七事變”到1941年蘇德戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)前,在這一階段蘇聯(lián)對華實行了援華抗日政策,即由不干涉開始轉向旗幟鮮明地譴責、揭露日本的侵略行徑,并積極援助中國抗擊日本的侵略,給予了中國大量積極的、有效的援助,其中包括道義支持、貸款援助、物資援助、派遣軍事顧問和志愿人員、提供技術援助等等。蘇聯(lián)在這一階段給中國的多方面援助,不僅打擊了日本法西斯的囂張侵略氣焰,而且也極大地鼓舞了中國人民的斗志。深入分析蘇聯(lián)在此階段實行援華政策的原因,可以看到,這是因為日本對中國的大舉進攻,已嚴重威脅到蘇聯(lián)的現(xiàn)實安全,蘇聯(lián)的中立政策并不能達到阻止日軍挑釁、避免蘇日矛盾的目的。日本還在朝鮮集結兵力,制定作戰(zhàn)計劃,企圖和歐洲反蘇政治力量聯(lián)合夾擊蘇聯(lián)引起正式性決戰(zhàn)。在這種國際政治格局的新形勢下,蘇聯(lián)實行援華政策是為了避免東西兩線作戰(zhàn)。采取援華政策,是為了牽制、削弱日本,防止戰(zhàn)爭擴大,阻止日軍北進,避免蘇日戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)。利用中國的抗戰(zhàn)拖住和消耗日本的實力,緊緊束縛日本侵略者的手腳,盡量拖延蘇日戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā),這才是蘇聯(lián)的特殊考慮。 近幾年來,有關如何評價抗日戰(zhàn)爭時期蘇聯(lián)對華政策,眾多學者一直爭論不休。筆者認為關于抗日戰(zhàn)爭時期蘇聯(lián)對華政策的評價,應以1937年“七七事變”為界。“七七事變”以前蘇聯(lián)對華實行不干涉政策,是消極的,應予否定。蘇聯(lián)沒有處理好實行不干涉政策過程中的利益關系,沒有把握好對日本妥協(xié)的度,在客觀上使得日本得寸進尺,放手擴大對中國的侵略。而從1937年“七七事變”到1941年蘇德戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)蘇聯(lián)實行的援華政策,是積極的,應予肯定。蘇聯(lián)積極而有效地援助中國抗戰(zhàn),增強了中國人民抵抗日本侵略者的實力和信心。20世紀30年代抗日戰(zhàn)爭時期,蘇聯(lián)的對華政策是在極其復雜的歷史背景下形成的。它的對華援助,曾經極大地鼓舞中國人民的正義斗爭,并且加速了我國抗日戰(zhàn)爭的全面勝利。這種援助從主觀上說,是出于蘇聯(lián)自身的戰(zhàn)略需要,從客觀上說,它既支持了弱小民族和革命戰(zhàn)爭,同時也為蘇聯(lián)贏得了戰(zhàn)略主動。同時,我們也應該清醒地認識到:援助是雙向性的,不應該籠統(tǒng)地將蘇方的援助視為“無私”的單方面給予。對此,我們既不應回避,更不能文過飾非,應還其應有的歷史方位,這才是對蘇聯(lián)對華政策較為公正、合理的評價。
[Abstract]:In 1931 the Japanese imperialists launched the "918 incident" and subsequently launched the invasion war Chinese northeast, not only make the Chinese nation into an unprecedented national crisis in the world, has aroused strong repercussions. The face of the Japanese aggression, governments rapid response, the important neighbors of the Soviet Union in the "China the 918 incident occurred after ten years, China policy change is worth exploring.
The "918 incident" occurred before, Sue, in Japan, the relationship between the perplexing. Because of the Kuomintang rightists anti Communist arrogance, with events in the East, the Sino Soviet relations fall into the trough in this period, the ultimate development of both sides. With anti Japanese war broke Chinese burst, the grim fact that the Sino Soviet government understanding the biggest threat to both countries is in the face of Japanese imperialism, under the pressure of reality, the Sino Soviet diplomatic relations again. While Japan launched a war of aggression and aggression is not only to Chinese, is actually the Chinese northeast as an anti Soviet war of the bridgehead, further north the Soviet Union, but because of their limited strength, the Japanese dare to offend the Soviet Union therefore, in the Far East on the formation of the Soviet confrontation between.
In the Far East International background, the Soviet government in Japan launched the "918 incident", has evolved to never interfere with Japanese aid to China policy. From 1931 the "918 incident" to the "77" event in 1937, at this stage the Soviet Union implemented a non-interference policy. There are four reasons: from the time of the Soviet Union, the situation, implement the policy of non intervention is needed for their own strategic interests; secondly, the "918" incident has no direct threat to the interests of the Soviet Union; third, the Soviet national strength is not strong, especially the speed of economic development in the Far East region is extremely slow, which directly affects the Soviet Far East defense the Far East, and the Soviet Union extremely sensitive area, any growth factors of war in this area will pose a threat to the Soviet Union. In addition, we also should not ignore the fact that the Soviet Union when Kellogg is not War pact in view of the above four aspects, mainly adopt the neutral Soviet policy towards China's policy of non-interference. It will be not at all surprising non-interference policy is an important reason, is rooted in its own national egoism, which is out of its national strategic interests, trying to win a relatively peaceful the external environment for its policy of noninterference is a strategy for the Soviet Union international struggle, in order to avoid involvement in the conflict with Japan, although the policy of noninterference is a compromise, in order to avoid conflicts with Japan. At the same time, we must point out that the policy of non-interference of serious damage to the Chinese sovereignty and interests.
With the Japanese War of aggression against China step by step, the final outbreak of the "77" incident, the incident not only caused Chinese war the whole nation, the Soviet Union's policy has changed greatly. From 1937 77 to 1941 Sood incident broke out before the war, at this stage the Soviet Union's implementation of the policy of Japanese aid to China that is, not to interfere to unequivocally condemn, exposing the Japanese aggression, and actively Chinese aid to fight against Japanese invasion, gave a lot of positive Chinese, effective assistance, including moral support, loans, aid, sending military advisers and volunteers to provide technical assistance and so on. At this stage to the Soviet Union many aid Chinese, not only against the Japanese fascist invasion, but also greatly inspired the people's morale China in-depth analysis of the Soviet Union at this stage. The reason, implementation of aid policies can be seen, this is because the Japanese China attacked the Soviet Union, has been a serious threat to the safety of the Soviet Union reality, neutral policy does not reach the stop the Japanese provocation, to avoid the contradiction between China and Japan to Japan. The Soviet Union was in Korea for the build-up of troops, combat plans, and attempt to European anti Soviet political the power of the Soviet Union combined attack caused by formal battle. In the new situation of the international political situation, the implementation of Soviet aid policies in order to avoid things on two fronts. Take the China aid policy is to contain, weaken Japan, prevent war expansion, prevent Japanese north, avoid the Soviet Japanese war broke out. The Chinese war and. Japan's power consumption, the Japanese aggressors tightly bound hands and feet, try to delay the Soviet Japanese War, this is the special consideration of the Soviet Union.
In recent years, how to evaluate the Soviet policy towards China during the Anti Japanese War, many scholars have been arguing. The author thinks that the evaluation of Soviet policy towards China during the Anti Japanese War, in 1937 the "77 incident" for the sector. "77 incident" in the Soviet Union before the implementation of non intervention policy, is negative, the Soviet Union should be denied. No good implementation of the policy of non-interference in the process of interest, do not have a good grasp of the Japanese compromise, objectively make Japan to expand the insatiable, let go China aggression. And from the "77" event in 1937 to 1941 the outbreak of the war of the Soviet Union Sood aid policy is positive, the Soviet Union actively should be affirmed. And effectively aid Chinese resistance, enhance people's resistance to the Japanese invaders Chinese strength and confidence in the.20 century in 30s during the period of Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union's China policy is extremely complex The formation of the historical background. It's aid to China has greatly encouraged the just struggle China people, and accelerated the overall victory of China's Anti Japanese war. This assistance from the subjective point of view, is the need for the Soviet Union's strategy, objectively speaking, it is not only to support the weak nation and the revolutionary war. At the same time as the Soviet Union to win the strategic initiative. At the same time, we should also realize soberly: assistance is a two-way, should not generally be regarded as "the Soviet aid given unilateral selfless". In this regard, we should not evade, not the Shifei too, should also be its historical position, it is more fair to the Soviet Union's China policy, reasonable evaluation.

【學位授予單位】：黑龍江省社會科學院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K512.5;K264;K265

【引證文獻】

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 孫光明;單獨抗戰(zhàn)時期中德關系研究[D];西北師范大學;2012年

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本文編號：1611869