本文選題：蘇聯(lián)　切入點：持不同政見者　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2004年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：伴隨勃列日涅夫執(zhí)政始終，直到戈爾巴喬夫改革前夕才告結(jié)束的蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動，它的出現(xiàn)和久拖不決，以及政府如何對待來自社會的不同呼聲抑或是反對者的聲音，尤其是代表社會先進(jìn)階層的知識分子的不同聲音，這是擺在每一個執(zhí)政黨面前的重大課題。蘇聯(lián)黨和政府在處理持不同政見者運動的政策和措施上存在著嚴(yán)重的問題，為蘇聯(lián)解體和蘇共喪失執(zhí)政黨地位埋下了禍根，它留給世人太多的思考和回憶，值得我們深刻汲取它的教訓(xùn)。 “蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動研究”這個問題政治敏感性很強，加之，許多持不同政見者的著作和文章是私下出版的，發(fā)行范圍有限，這無形中給資料收集增加了許多困難。因此，國內(nèi)至今還未有人系統(tǒng)地研究這一問題，即使在俄羅斯這一課題的研究也只是蘇聯(lián)解體以后的事情。 本文圍繞蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動與政府反對持不同政見者運動的主要線索，通過緒論、正文、結(jié)語三個部分構(gòu)建成一個有機(jī)整體。在緒論中簡要闡釋了研究持不同政見者運動的重要意義，提出了問題，考證了持不同政見者定義，介紹國內(nèi)外研究狀況，分析了持不同政見者運動與蘇聯(lián)解體的關(guān)系，為全文的展開構(gòu)筑了理論體系。 正文分為四章。第一章分析了蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動產(chǎn)生的歷史根源和國際背景，提出了持不同政見者運動在蘇聯(lián)國內(nèi)的產(chǎn)生既有內(nèi)部的原因，亦有外部的作用，但社會基礎(chǔ)和政治體制弊病等內(nèi)部原因是第一位的觀點。蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動是一種相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的社會政治現(xiàn)象，持不同政見者不是階級敵人，也不是蘇聯(lián)社會的異己分子，而是這個衰敗體系的產(chǎn)物。 第二章蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動緣起及經(jīng)過是全文的重點章節(jié)之一，，本章首先介紹了1965年12月5日在莫斯科普希金廣場爆發(fā)了蘇聯(lián)歷史上第一次以“遵守憲法”為口號的游行示威活動，從此，持不同政見者運動由地下浮出水面，成為勃列日涅夫執(zhí)政時期一個影響巨大的政治問題。其次，解讀了蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動階段的劃分與每個階段的特征。第三，通過大量的第一手材料詳細(xì)介紹了緣起于20世紀(jì)60年代中葉，結(jié)束于80年代中期的以羅伊·麥德維杰夫為代表的民主社會主義派，薩哈羅夫為代表的西方派和索爾仁尼琴為首的新斯拉夫派等蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動主要派別的政治主張，以及他們主張的異同點。最后，分析了蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動的核心內(nèi)容——維護(hù)權(quán)利運動。 第三章介紹和分析了蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者傳播自己思想與主張，交流和分享信息的主要工具——私下出版物。第四章利用大量的檔案材料闡釋了蘇聯(lián)黨和政府對待持不同政見者的政策和措施，以及鎮(zhèn)壓持不同政見者運動的政策造成的嚴(yán)重 后果。 通過上述分析和研究，在結(jié)語部分提出絕大部分蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動的參 加者并不是像政府所說的那樣是社會主義制度的抹黑者，帝國主義“思想顛覆” 蘇聯(lián)社會主義制度走狗的看法。實際上他們是一些不滿足現(xiàn)狀和具有創(chuàng)新思想、 關(guān)心國家前途和命運、敢于直面權(quán)勢并發(fā)出內(nèi)心呼聲的人。他們的“不同政見” 主要是對黨和國家體制、方針、內(nèi)外政策方面存在的弊病，以及僵化教條的意識 形態(tài)提出強烈批評，要求公正處理斯大林時代遺留下來的民族和宗教問題，克服 斯大林個人迷信給蘇聯(lián)社會造成的傷痛，回歸真正的馬克思列寧主義道路，把蘇 聯(lián)建設(shè)成為一個民主、自由、法制的多元社會。許多持不同政見者并不否定馬克 思主義和社會主義道路，只是反對恢復(fù)斯大林式的專制統(tǒng)治，反對一黨專制，希 望通過改革充分發(fā)揮社會主義制度的優(yōu)越性，使政治民主、言論自由、以人為本 等憲法條文真正落實在實際生活之中。他們的許多主張只不過是對人類固有的理 想—民主、自由、權(quán)利的向往，符合和平、民主、發(fā)展的世界潮流。 勃列日涅夫時期的黨和政府卻不是從政治體制和自身工作中尋找它產(chǎn)生的 原因，而把本來屬于人民內(nèi)部矛盾性質(zhì)的持不同政見者正常探討社會主義體制弊 病和揭露社會問題的批評列入敵對行動，這不僅掩蓋了日益尖銳的社會矛盾，窒 息了公民和社會的積極探索精神，削弱了民眾對共產(chǎn)主義美好前景的向往，為蘇 共喪失執(zhí)政地位和蘇聯(lián)解體埋下禍根。同時，也嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了蘇聯(lián)社會主義在世界 上的形象。 當(dāng)然，蘇聯(lián)持不同政見者運動參加者中也有極少數(shù)人堅決反蘇反共，但他們 采取的手段是和平的，主要是思想和道義上的，真正力圖顛覆現(xiàn)政權(quán)和社會制度 的僅僅是個別少數(shù)人。
[Abstract]:With the Brezhnev administration, until Gorbachev on the eve of reform before the end of the dissident movement of the Soviet Union, its appearance and long, and the government how to deal with different voices from the society or the voice of the opponents, especially different voices representing the advanced class of the society of intellectuals, this is a great subject in front of a the ruling party. The policies and measures of the Soviet Party and government in dealing with the dissident movement on the serious problems exist for the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the loss of the status of the ruling party afterwards, it left us a lot of thinking and recalling, we should draw some lessons.
"The Soviet dissident movement of" the problem of political sensitivity is very strong, in addition, many dissidents are privately published books and articles, offering a limited range, this is tantamount to the data collection has increased many difficulties. Therefore, there is still no systematic research on this problem, even in the study this topic is in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union.
This paper focuses on the Soviet dissident movement of the main clue, and the government against the dissident movement through the introduction, the text and the conclusion three parts constitute an organic whole. The introduction briefly explains the significance of the dissident movement, put forward the research problem, the definition of "dissident", introduces the research status at home and abroad, analyzes the relationship between the dissident movement and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, to build a theoretical system for the paper.
The text is divided into four chapters. The first chapter analyzes the dissident movement of the Soviet Union have the historical and international background, put forward the dissident movement in the Soviet Union is a result of the internal reasons, there are also external effects, but the social basis and political system and other ills internal reasons is the first point of view. The dissident movement of the Soviet Union is a complicated social phenomenon of political dissidents, not class enemies, nor the dissidents of the Soviet society, but the products of this declining system.
The second chapter is the origin of the dissident movement and after is one of the major chapters, this chapter first introduced in December 5, 1965 the outbreak of the first Soviet history to "abide by the constitution" as the slogan of the demonstrations, the Pushkin Square in Moscow since then, holding the dissident movement from the ground surface, become a Brezhnev era an influential political problem. Secondly, interpret the character division and each stage of the dissident movement of the Soviet Union. In the third stage, through a large number of first-hand materials introduced originated in the mid 1960s, ending in mid 80s with Roy Medvedev as the representative of the Democratic Socialist faction, the main factions of Sakharov as the representative of the western school and the Slav school by Solzhenitsyn etc. the dissident movement of the Soviet Union's political views, to In the end, the core content of the movement of the dissidents in the Soviet Union, the movement to maintain the rights, was analyzed.
The third chapter introduces and analyzes the Soviet dissidents spread their ideas and opinions, exchange and sharing of information of the main tools -- private publications. The fourth chapter explains the use of archival materials of the Soviet Party and government policies and measures towards dissidents, cause and policy to suppress the dissident movement of the serious
Consequence.
On the basis of the above analysis and research, the conclusion of the majority of the Soviet Union's dissidents movement is put forward in the concluding part.
The additive is not the discredited of the socialist system, as the government says, and the imperialist "subversive"
The views of the Soviet socialist system. In fact, they are not satisfied with the status quo and have innovative ideas.
People who are concerned about the future and destiny of the country, who dare to face the power and give out the voice of their hearts. Their "dissidents"
It is mainly about the shortcomings of the party and state system, the policy and the internal and external policies, as well as the consciousness of the rigid dogma.
The form has put forward strong criticism, demanding justice to deal with the ethnic and religious problems left over by the Stalin era.
The pain caused by Stalin's personal superstition to the Soviet society is to return to the true Marx Lenin doctrine, and to bring Su to the Soviet Union.
Joint construction becomes a pluralistic society of democracy, freedom, and the rule of law. Many dissidents do not deny Mark
The ideological and socialist roads are only against the restoration of Stalin's autocratic rule and the opposition to one party autocracy.
We hope to make full use of the superiority of the socialist system through reform and make political democracy, freedom of speech and people oriented
The constitutional provisions are actually implemented in real life. Many of their claims are only the inherent reason for human beings.
The desire for democracy, freedom and rights is in line with the world trend of peace, democracy and development.
The party and government of the Brezhnev period did not find it from the political system and its own work.
The reason is that the dissidents who are originally dissidents belonging to the contradictions in the people's interior have a normal discussion of the disadvantages of the socialist system.
Disease and expose the social problems of criticism in hostilities, which not only obscures the increasingly social conflicts,.
The active exploration spirit of the citizens and the society has undermined the people's yearning for the good prospect of communism and for the Soviet Union.
The disintegration of the Communist Party and the disintegration of the Soviet Union buried the scourge of the Soviet Union. At the same time, it seriously damaged the Soviet socialism in the world.
The image on it.
Of course, there are also a few of the Soviet dissidents campaigner resolutely anti Soviet anti Communist, but they
The means to be taken are peaceful, mainly ideological and moral, and really try to subvert the current regime and social system.
It's only a few people.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號】：K512

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前4條

1 李淑華;;赫魯曉夫時期蘇聯(lián)書刊檢查評議[J];北方論叢;2010年01期

2 田越;;蘇聯(lián)“持不同政見者”概念考證與辨析[J];當(dāng)代世界與社會主義;2007年03期

3 李淑華;;勃列日涅夫時期書刊檢查制度探究[J];俄羅斯學(xué)刊;2011年05期

4 姚麗霞;;以法律層面的立法完善精神病人強制治療程序[J];法學(xué)評論;2012年02期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 卿孟軍;從列寧到戈爾巴喬夫：蘇共公信力形成與喪失的邏輯[D];湖南師范大學(xué);2011年

2 邱蓉;俄羅斯轉(zhuǎn)型時期利益集團(tuán)演化及其作用研究[D];遼寧大學(xué);2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前5條

1 尹中南;蘇聯(lián)新聞體制形成與演變研究[D];中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué);2011年

2 馬文淵;繼承和創(chuàng)新[D];四川大學(xué);2007年

3 鄭穩(wěn)穩(wěn);從極度的壓抑到突然的放任[D];華中科技大學(xué);2008年

4 宋青;論索爾仁尼琴對中國當(dāng)代文學(xué)的影響[D];上海外國語大學(xué);2009年

5 張琳;《癌癥樓》異質(zhì)性文學(xué)形象塑造研究[D];山西師范大學(xué);2012年

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