本文選題：1918年大流感　切入點(diǎn)：美國(guó)　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：對(duì)于美國(guó)人民來(lái)說(shuō),1918年9月到1919年3月是一段充滿災(zāi)難和不幸的時(shí)期。在這期間,美國(guó)人民經(jīng)歷了歷史上最嚴(yán)重的流行病。短短幾個(gè)月里,70多萬(wàn)美國(guó)人死于流感或者是流感性肺炎(influenzal pneumonia).奇怪地是,美國(guó)歷史幾乎完全忽視了這一重要事件。醫(yī)學(xué)歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為這一事件富有重要的醫(yī)學(xué)意義而進(jìn)行研究,但是社會(huì)歷史學(xué)家和政治史學(xué)家卻將該事件束之高閣。因此,本文最初的目的就是還原這一歷史事件,追尋1918年大流感爆發(fā)時(shí)美國(guó)的社會(huì)背景,研究大流感期間的美國(guó)民眾是如何應(yīng)對(duì)流感的,美國(guó)的醫(yī)學(xué)界、政治界以及各種社會(huì)團(tuán)體是如何應(yīng)對(duì)大流感的,從而發(fā)現(xiàn)大流感對(duì)于美國(guó)乃至世界的重要影響,尤其是對(duì)于如今公共衛(wèi)生醫(yī)學(xué)方面所起到的借鑒作用。 這樣本文的結(jié)構(gòu)就非常簡(jiǎn)單明了。論文正文部分有四個(gè)章節(jié)。 第一章主要是敘述1918年大流感在美國(guó)的傳染情況。大流感爆發(fā)于第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)加速了疾病的傳播,結(jié)果大流感幾乎侵襲了地球上的每一個(gè)角落。在這短短的幾個(gè)月,大流感總共爆發(fā)了3次,其中第二波流感造成的死亡最多,1918年10月可以說(shuō)是美國(guó)歷史上最悲慘的一個(gè)月；美國(guó)少數(shù)地區(qū)在第三波流感中疫情也很嚴(yán)重。 第二章主要通過(guò)一些生還者的回憶,重現(xiàn)1918年大流感對(duì)于美國(guó)普通民眾的影響,以及在大流感面前美國(guó)普通民眾是如何應(yīng)對(duì)的。美國(guó)人民的應(yīng)對(duì)基本上可以分為三類,第一類是一開(kāi)始的時(shí)候僅僅出于恐懼而被動(dòng)地應(yīng)對(duì)流感,第二類是人們雖然還是很害怕,但也渴望找尋各種方式來(lái)保護(hù)自己,第三類是人民勇敢地面對(duì)大流感,采取一切可能的辦法來(lái)預(yù)防甚至治療疾病。 第三章重點(diǎn)研究美國(guó)各界,尤其是美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)界如何應(yīng)對(duì)大流感。醫(yī)療人員采取了很多方式來(lái)預(yù)防流感,如使用面罩、檢疫隔離、清潔衛(wèi)生等等,他們?cè)噲D找到可以根治的方法。雖然失敗了,但是他們的付出卻不可磨滅。美國(guó)各級(jí)公共衛(wèi)生部門(mén)在大流感的洗禮下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái),各級(jí)部門(mén)在其職責(zé)范圍內(nèi)采取一切方式預(yù)防流感的進(jìn)一步傳播。 第四章主要從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)文化角度來(lái)研究大流感對(duì)美國(guó)社會(huì)的影響。大流感影響最大的就是引起了公共衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)的改革,其他政治機(jī)構(gòu)、社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)以及經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu),也受到些許動(dòng)搖。大流感期間,數(shù)不清的企業(yè)虧損,生產(chǎn)力下降,但也有企業(yè)甚至出現(xiàn)過(guò)短期的盈利,總的來(lái)說(shuō)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生什么長(zhǎng)期影響。大流感也改變了人們的某些社會(huì)習(xí)慣,如人們不會(huì)在公共場(chǎng)合咳嗽、打噴嚏或是吐痰。文化史學(xué)家則認(rèn)為“迷失的一代”與大流感有著密切的關(guān)系。 文章最后進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的總結(jié),論述1918年大流感對(duì)于當(dāng)今社會(huì),尤其是公共衛(wèi)生方面的啟示�，F(xiàn)今要重視信息的交流,重視在疫苗方面的投資。當(dāng)流行病來(lái)臨的時(shí)候,身居要職的權(quán)威人士必須降低可能離間這個(gè)社會(huì)的恐慌,惟有破除恐懼,人類才能戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)流行病這個(gè)宿敵。
[Abstract]:For the American people, from September 1918 to March 1919 is a period full of disaster and misfortune period. During this period, the American people have been through the history of the most serious epidemic. Just a few months, about 700000 Americans died of influenza or influenza pneumonia (influenzal pneumonia). Strangely, the history of the United States almost completely ignored this an important event. Medical historians think that this event is important for medical and research, but the social historian and political historians have the event on the shelf. Therefore, the original purpose is to restore the historical event, seeking for the social background of the 1918 influenza pandemic influenza, during the study period of the American people is how to deal with the flu, American medical circles, political circles and all kinds of social groups is how to deal with the flu pandemic, which found that for the United States The important influence of the country and the world, especially for the present public health medicine.
The structure of this article is very simple and clear. There are four chapters in the text part of the paper.
The first chapter mainly narrates the 1918 pandemic in the United States. The infectious influenza outbreak in the first World War, the war accelerated the spread of the disease, the pandemic struck nearly every corner of the earth. In these few months, a total of 3 influenza outbreak, the second wave of swine flu most deaths, October 1918 can be said to be a month of the most tragic history of the United States; a few areas of the United States in the third wave of swine flu epidemic is very serious.
The second chapter mainly through some of the survivors memories, to reproduce the 1918 flu influence on American citizens, and in front of the flu is how to deal with the ordinary people of the United States. The American people should basically can be divided into three categories, the first category is the beginning only out of fear and passive response to influenza, is second although people still very afraid, but also eager to find ways to protect themselves, third people face a pandemic, take all possible measures to prevent and cure diseases.
The third chapter focuses on the United States from all walks of life, especially how to deal with the flu. The American medical community medical staff have adopted many ways to prevent the flu, such as the use of masks, quarantine, sanitation and so on, they are trying to find a cure. Although the method can fail, but their pay is indelible. The United States at all levels of the public health sector growth in pandemic baptism, the further spread of departments at all levels to take all the way to prevent the flu within the responsibility.
The fourth chapter mainly from the political, economic and social and cultural point of view to study the pandemic's influence on American society. Influenza is the greatest impact caused by the reform of public health institutions and other political institutions, social institutions and economic organizations, has also been a little shaken. During a pandemic, countless business losses, reduced productivity, but there are also companies even appeared short-term profits, in general in the economy did not produce what the long-term effects of a pandemic. Also changed some social habits of people, if people do not cough or sneeze in public, spitting. Cultural historians argue that a "lost generation" and the flu are closely the relationship between.
At the end of this paper makes a brief summary on the 1918 pandemic in today's society, especially public health implications. The attention should be paid to the exchange of information, pay attention to investment in vaccines. When the epidemic comes, people in positions of authority must be reduced to alienate the social panic, but get rid of fear, human in order to battle the epidemic the enemy.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K712.52;R-09

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 張和聲;1918年美國(guó)流感再審視[J];史林;2003年04期

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本文編號(hào)：1563598