本文選題：法國大革命　切入點：私有土地　出處：《天津師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：作為世界近代史上具有標志性的歷史事件,關(guān)于法國大革命的研究不一而足,但若要真實還原彼時的歷史圖景,仍須將其建構(gòu)在由傳統(tǒng)封建社會向近代社會轉(zhuǎn)型的宏觀背景下加以考察,而這種轉(zhuǎn)型既包括政治制度的轉(zhuǎn)型、思想觀念的轉(zhuǎn)型,更離不開經(jīng)濟和社會的轉(zhuǎn)型。本文的目的,乃是在這一建構(gòu)下,以"私有土地產(chǎn)權(quán),,為切入,學(xué)習(xí)和利用"經(jīng)濟—社會史"的研究方法,嘗試探究18—19世紀初法國農(nóng)村私有土地產(chǎn)權(quán)確立的背景、過程與影響。全文大致分為五部分:第一章為緒論,主要交代本研究的選題意義,國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和本文使用的研究資料、研究方法和基本思路;第二章著重討論了舊制度下法國農(nóng)村的地權(quán)狀況,初步分析了 1700—1789年法國特權(quán)政治下,教會貴族和世俗貴族占有了大量土地,而相比之下占人口絕大多數(shù)的農(nóng)民所占有的土地份額卻相形見絀,而后者卻還要承擔(dān)巨大的賦稅負擔(dān),這也成為推動大革命發(fā)生的誘因之一,第三章則探討了大革命所帶來的法國農(nóng)村私有土地產(chǎn)權(quán)合法性的確立,政府當(dāng)局不斷頒布法令通過出售國有土地、分割公地等形式將土地分到農(nóng)民手中,并對農(nóng)民的私有地產(chǎn)權(quán)予以保護,這一過程以《拿破侖法典》的頒布為最終完成,盡管這些政令在不同地區(qū)的執(zhí)行情況互有差別,但卻在客觀上將土地分到了農(nóng)民的手中,并給予了其正當(dāng)性的保護,而法國小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟也由此形成;第四章分析了私有土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的影響,就農(nóng)民個體而言,在生產(chǎn)上提高了農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟收益,在生活上推動了農(nóng)民消費水平的提升,而與此同時,村社的消亡更是推動了庇護性社會關(guān)系走向瓦解;第五章是余論和結(jié)語,認為傳統(tǒng)的將法國大革命后私有土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的確立,視為造成了農(nóng)村土地碎片化并進而對法國小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟的模式起到客觀上的推動作用,從而成為法國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的桎梏的觀點是頗可商榷的,而大革命為法國農(nóng)村的私有土地產(chǎn)權(quán)帶來了"法權(quán)"上的保護和確認、而此后法國社會所呈現(xiàn)出的自由化和市場化傾向又為其注入了"市場"的活力,而"法制"和"市場"的相互結(jié)合又促進了 "農(nóng)民,,的轉(zhuǎn)型,不但是生活水平、消費水平的提升,更包括思想觀念、意識判斷的轉(zhuǎn)型,盡管在這種轉(zhuǎn)型的過程中會有反復(fù)、也會有波折,但仍是不應(yīng)被忽視和抹殺的。
[Abstract]:As an iconic historical event in the modern history of the world, studies on the French Revolution are numerous, but if the historical picture of the time is to be truly restored, It is still necessary to construct it under the macro background of the transformation from traditional feudal society to modern society, which includes the transformation of political system, the transformation of ideology, and the transformation of economy and society. It is under this construction that we try to explore the background of the establishment of private land property right in the French countryside in the early 1819th century by studying and utilizing the research method of "the history of economy and society". The whole paper is divided into five parts: the first chapter is the introduction, which mainly explains the significance of this research, the research status at home and abroad, the research materials used in this paper, the research methods and basic ideas; The second chapter mainly discusses the status of land rights in the French countryside under the old system, and analyzes preliminarily that the church aristocrats and secular aristocracy occupied a lot of land under the French privileged politics from 1700-1789. By contrast, farmers, who make up the vast majority of the population, have a smaller share of the land, and the latter bear a huge tax burden, which was one of the incentives behind the Revolution. The third chapter discusses the establishment of the legitimacy of private land property rights in the French countryside brought by the Revolution. The government authorities have constantly issued decrees to divide the land into the hands of farmers through the sale of state-owned land and the division of public land. And to protect the private property rights of the peasants. This process was finally completed by the promulgation of the Napoleon Code. Although the implementation of these decrees in different regions was different, the land was objectively divided into the hands of the peasants. And gave its legitimacy to the protection, and the French small-scale peasant economy also formed. Chapter 4th analyzes the impact of private land property rights, as far as the individual farmers, in terms of production to improve the economic benefits of farmers, At the same time, the disappearance of village community promotes the disintegration of sheltered social relations. Chapter 5th is the conclusion and conclusion that the traditional establishment of private land property right after the French Revolution. The view that the fragmentation of rural land has resulted in the fragmentation of rural land and thus played an objective role in promoting the model of the small-scale peasant economy in France, thus becoming the shackle of the development of French agriculture, is debatable. The Revolution brought about the protection and confirmation of the "legal right" for the private land property right in the French countryside, and the liberalization and marketization tendency of the French society since then injected the vitality of the "market" into it. And the combination of the "legal system" and "market" has promoted the transformation of "peasants," not only the improvement of living standards and consumption level, but also the transformation of ideology and consciousness judgment, although there will be repeated changes in the process of this transformation. There will also be twists and turns, but they should not be ignored and erased.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K565.4

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