發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-25 09:39

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 古斯塔夫·施特萊斯曼 魏瑪 總理　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：1923年,新生的德意志魏瑪共和國面臨著生死存亡的考驗(yàn)。由賠償問題引發(fā)的魯爾危機(jī),將德國拖入了一場全面的危機(jī)之中。惡性通貨膨脹、納粹黨啤酒館暴動、共產(chǎn)黨人的革命起義,都在威脅著魏瑪體制的生命。然而,經(jīng)過總理古斯塔夫·施特萊斯曼的“百日新政”,魏瑪體制奇跡般地幸存下來,并迎來了為時(shí)五年的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展時(shí)期。本文試圖從施特萊斯曼的執(zhí)政經(jīng)歷著手,以小見大,具體探討魏瑪共和國的政治環(huán)境,以此分析施特萊斯曼“百日新政”的成就、困境以及局限性,同時(shí)涉及魏瑪共和國覆亡的原因。 除緒論外,正文分為三章。第一章從三個(gè)方面分別探討了施特萊斯曼執(zhí)政的背景。通過回顧魏瑪?shù)聡醯睦щy,分析魏瑪共和國政治體制的先天不足；1923年的綜合危機(jī)使德國陷入了困境,施特萊斯曼前歷任總理的應(yīng)對措施及不力,此時(shí)急需有才干的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人挺身而出；施特萊斯曼的成長經(jīng)歷為他的政治理念奠定了基調(diào),其教育經(jīng)歷則使其明確了自由主義政治理想,大學(xué)社團(tuán)活動及早期各種委員會經(jīng)歷鍛煉了他的政治才能,積累了政治資本。在1923年德國全面危機(jī)中,施特萊斯曼積極活動,給國內(nèi)外留下了深刻印象,為其上臺做足了輿論準(zhǔn)備。 第二章關(guān)注的是施特萊斯曼的“百日新政”。首先分析的是施特萊斯曼組建內(nèi)閣的過程及困難；緊接著講述的是其執(zhí)政經(jīng)歷的首要大事——結(jié)束“魯爾危機(jī)”,“魯爾危機(jī)”的終結(jié)為施特萊斯曼帶領(lǐng)德國走出困境奠定基礎(chǔ)；而后,探討了施特萊斯曼政府在爭論中通過《授權(quán)法》,其內(nèi)閣也經(jīng)歷了第一次危機(jī),從而解體；施特萊斯曼政府在《授權(quán)法》的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了貨幣改革,此后,德國經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢開始好轉(zhuǎn)；在面臨“左派”和“右派”的反叛時(shí),施特萊斯曼極力打擊“左派”,而對“右派”則是盡量安撫,最終薩克森與圖林根的政府解體,這引起了社會民主黨的極大不滿；施特萊斯曼在為國內(nèi)外狀況焦頭爛額時(shí),也被人民黨內(nèi)部的反叛所擾,此間,希特勒暴動,最終他成功地平息了本黨內(nèi)部的叛亂,希特勒暴動也流產(chǎn)了；施特萊斯曼任期內(nèi),他將一戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)犯威廉皇太子迎接回德國,兌現(xiàn)了他對威廉皇太子的承諾,但此事引起諸多史學(xué)家的爭議。 第三章論述的是施特萊斯曼內(nèi)閣的倒臺過程、影響及評價(jià)。文中簡要評述了施特萊斯曼“百日新政”期間在政治、外交及經(jīng)濟(jì)上的成就,指明這段執(zhí)政經(jīng)歷對施特萊斯曼本人、德國以及世界的影響。最終,分析魏瑪共和國覆滅的原因。
[Abstract]:In 1923, the nascent German Weimar Republic faced a life-or-death test. The Ruhr crisis, triggered by the question of compensation, dragged Germany into a full-blown crisis. Hyperinflation, the Nazi Brewery riots. The revolutionary uprisings of the Communists threatened the life of the Weimar system. However, the Weimar system miraculously survived the 100-day New deal by Prime Minister Gustave Streisman. And it ushered in a period of five years of rapid economic development. This paper tries to analyze the achievement of Stresman's "New deal of one hundred days" by analyzing the political environment of Weimar Republic through a small part of his ruling experience. The predicament and limitation, at the same time, involve the reason of the fall of Weimar Republic. Besides the introduction, the text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of Straisman's administration from three aspects. The comprehensive crisis in 1923 caused Germany to fall into a dilemma, and the previous prime ministers of Straisman did not respond well enough, and at this time they needed talented leaders to come forward. Stresman's growing up experience set the tone for his political ideas, and his educational experience made him clear about his liberal political ideals, and his political talent was cultivated by his university community activities and his early experiences of various committees. In 1923, during the overall crisis in Germany, Stresman made a deep impression on his activities and made a good preparation for his coming to power. The second chapter focuses on Stresman's "New deal of one hundred days". Then came the first major event in his administration-the end of the Ruhr crisis, the end of which laid the foundation for Straismann to lead Germany out of its predicament; and then, After discussing the adoption of the Authorization Act by the Stresman administration in the debate, and the collapse of his cabinet after the first crisis, the Strassman government carried out monetary reforms based on the Authorization Act, and thereafter, The German economy began to turn for the better; in the face of a rebellion between the "left" and the "right", Stellesman fought hard against the "left" and tried to appease the "right", eventually disintegrating Saxony and Thuringen's government. This aroused great dissatisfaction from the Social Democratic Party; while Strelsmann was worried about the situation at home and abroad, he was also disturbed by the rebellion within the people's Party. During the Hitler uprising here, he succeeded in quelling the rebellion within his own party. Hitler's uprising was also aborted; during his tenure, he welcomed Prince William, a World War I war criminal, back to Germany, fulfilling his promise to Prince William, but it caused controversy among historians. The third chapter deals with the process, influence and evaluation of the fall of Stellesman's cabinet. It briefly reviews the achievements in politics, diplomacy and economy during the "100-day New deal". The influence of this experience on Stresman himself, Germany and the world is pointed out. Finally, the reasons for the fall of Weimar Republic are analyzed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K516.43

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