發(fā)布時間：2018-02-21 15:18

  本文關鍵詞： 工業(yè)文明 挑戰(zhàn)與反應 中東地區(qū) 奧斯曼帝國 “西化”改革 經(jīng)濟轉型 動力與條件　出處：《西北大學》2005年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：中東和東方其它地區(qū)一樣,在近代遇到了來自西歐的工業(yè)文明的挑戰(zhàn)。由于中東特殊的地緣政治環(huán)境和歷史文化因素,決定了中東近代社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的特殊路徑。從19世紀初到20世紀30年代的130多年,是中東歷史上一個關鍵的轉折時期,現(xiàn)代中東社會許多問題的根源都可以追溯到這一時期。當時作為政治實體的奧斯曼帝國和波斯已經(jīng)衰弱不堪,而西方工業(yè)文明的沖擊力十分強勁,中東社會的各種矛盾和沖突異常激烈,以至于出現(xiàn)文化撞擊、經(jīng)濟裂變和政治震蕩。中東的政治精英們面對內憂外患和被動挨打的局面,銳意推行改革,旨在富國強兵,趕上歐洲。改革掀開了中東現(xiàn)代化的序幕,但宏大的改革目標和計劃并未完全實現(xiàn);西方列強的經(jīng)濟滲透和政治控制非但沒有減弱反而增大,中東到20世紀初期仍未擺脫困境,而近代的這次撞擊、裂變和震蕩持續(xù)一百多年,余波延續(xù)到20世紀后期。從分析奧斯曼帝國和波斯19世紀以來的社會經(jīng)濟著眼,進而探討工業(yè)文明沖擊下中東社會經(jīng)濟的轉型問題,是揭示中東現(xiàn)代化特殊道路的關鍵,是剖析中東社會落后原因的根本途徑。 本文研究的重點:一是考察中東民族國家的經(jīng)濟改革與現(xiàn)代化的起點,分析其現(xiàn)代化進程中某些經(jīng)濟問題的根源。二是研究中東地區(qū)的整體經(jīng)濟特征與中東內部的經(jīng)濟差異及不平衡性;既做宏觀研究,又做具體分析。三是探討19世紀中東經(jīng)濟在不同層面上的變化:“西化”改革前后中東經(jīng)濟的變化;淪為半殖民地前后中東經(jīng)濟的變化,尤其1809至1938年阿拉伯行省經(jīng)濟狀況,這是國內目前無人涉獵的研究領域。四是對近代經(jīng)濟轉型模式進行比較研究,在近代不同國家近代化的各類模式中,研究中東近代化道路的特殊性與復雜性。 關于中東近代經(jīng)濟及其轉型所涉及的一些基本問題,本文的主要觀點可闡述如下:其一,近代中東社會經(jīng)濟的轉型從19世紀初期經(jīng)濟領域的改革開始,改革是走向現(xiàn)代化的努力,傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟模式被打開缺口,既有內力的作用,也有外力的作用。盡管“挑戰(zhàn)——應戰(zhàn)”模式有其缺陷,已經(jīng)受到批評,但中東現(xiàn)代化的啟動和社會經(jīng)濟的轉型分明是遇到工業(yè)文明挑戰(zhàn)之后的應變。沒有工業(yè)文明的沖擊,中東改革和現(xiàn)代化的起步會更晚,社會經(jīng)濟的轉型可能會更慢。其二,19世紀改革者追求的是綜合目標——國家富裕強大,并天真地認為,只要建立西式工業(yè)就會變成工業(yè)強國;認為一旦實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟增長,就會趕上甚至超過發(fā)達國家。急功近利的追求,認識上的偏差,過高的期望值,是落后國家的改革者的通病:從途徑來說,試圖在不觸及制度的前提下通過引進“器物文明”實現(xiàn)強國的目的,結果可想而知。不過,改革者在具體部門推行的改革、采取的措施都有不同程度的效果或作用,僅經(jīng)濟領域而言,改革的作用和影響是不能低估的。其三,中東
[Abstract]:The Middle East, like other parts of the East, encountered the challenge of industrial civilization from Western Europe in modern times. Due to the special geopolitical environment and historical and cultural factors in the Middle East, It is a crucial turning point in the history of the Middle East for more than 130 years from the beginning of 19th century to 1930s. Many of the problems in modern Middle Eastern society can be traced back to this period, when the Ottoman Empire and Persia, as political entities, were weakened and the impact of Western industrial civilization was strong. All kinds of contradictions and conflicts in the Middle East society are so intense that there are cultural collisions, economic fission and political shocks. Facing the situation of internal and external troubles and passive beatings, the political elites of the Middle East are determined to carry out reforms aimed at enriching the country and strengthening the armed forces. To catch up with Europe. The reform opened the prelude to the modernization of the Middle East, but the grand reform goals and plans were not fully realized; the economic infiltration and political control of the Western powers not only increased, but increased, and the Middle East still remained in trouble by the beginning of 20th century. The recent impact, fission and shock, lasted for more than 100 years, and the afterwave lasted until late 20th century. From the analysis of the social and economic aspects of the Ottoman Empire and Persia since 19th century, Thus, it is the key to reveal the special way of modernization in the Middle East to probe into the problem of social and economic transformation in the Middle East under the impact of industrial civilization. It is also the fundamental way to analyze the causes of the backward society in the Middle East. The main points of this paper are as follows: first, the starting point of the economic reform and modernization of the nation-states in the Middle East. The second is to study the overall economic characteristics of the Middle East and the economic differences and imbalances within the Middle East. The third is to explore the economic changes in the Middle East on different levels in 19th century: before and after the reform of "Westernization"; and before and after becoming a semi-colony, the economic changes in the Middle East, especially in the Arab provinces from 1809 to 1938. The fourth is the comparative study of the modern economic transformation mode, and the particularity and complexity of the modernization of the Middle East in the various modes of modernization of different countries in modern times. With regard to some basic issues concerning the modern economy and its transformation in the Middle East, the main points of view of this paper can be described as follows: first, the transformation of social economy in the modern Middle East began with the economic reform in the beginning of 19th century. Reform is an effort to move towards modernization. The traditional economic model has been opened up with a gap between internal and external forces, although the "challenge-combat" model has its shortcomings and has been criticized. But the start of modernization in the Middle East and the transformation of social economy are clearly the changes after the challenge of industrial civilization. Without the impact of industrial civilization, the reform and modernization of the Middle East will start later. Social and economic transformation is likely to be slower. Second, 19th-century reformers pursued a comprehensive goal of being rich and powerful, and naively assumed that the establishment of Western-style industries would turn them into industrial powerhouses; that once economic growth was achieved, They will catch up with or even surpass the developed countries. The pursuit of quick success and instant gain, the deviation in cognition, and the high expectations are common diseases of reformers in backward countries: by the way, The result of attempting to achieve the goal of a powerful country without touching the system by introducing a "weapon civilization" is conceivable. However, the measures taken by the reformers in specific sectors have had varying degrees of effect or effect. In the economic sphere alone, the role and impact of reform cannot be underestimated. Third, the Middle East
【學位授予單位】：西北大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2005
【分類號】：K37

【引證文獻】

相關期刊論文 前1條

1 黃佛君;焦黎;;綠洲社會空間的形成與演化[J];新疆師范大學學報(自然科學版);2008年02期

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本文編號：1522207