本文關(guān)鍵詞： 工業(yè)文明 挑戰(zhàn)與反應(yīng) 中東地區(qū) 奧斯曼帝國(guó) “西化”改革 經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型 動(dòng)力與條件　出處：《西北大學(xué)》2005年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：中東和東方其它地區(qū)一樣,在近代遇到了來(lái)自西歐的工業(yè)文明的挑戰(zhàn)。由于中東特殊的地緣政治環(huán)境和歷史文化因素,決定了中東近代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的特殊路徑。從19世紀(jì)初到20世紀(jì)30年代的130多年,是中東歷史上一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)期,現(xiàn)代中東社會(huì)許多問(wèn)題的根源都可以追溯到這一時(shí)期。當(dāng)時(shí)作為政治實(shí)體的奧斯曼帝國(guó)和波斯已經(jīng)衰弱不堪,而西方工業(yè)文明的沖擊力十分強(qiáng)勁,中東社會(huì)的各種矛盾和沖突異常激烈,以至于出現(xiàn)文化撞擊、經(jīng)濟(jì)裂變和政治震蕩。中東的政治精英們面對(duì)內(nèi)憂外患和被動(dòng)挨打的局面,銳意推行改革,旨在富國(guó)強(qiáng)兵,趕上歐洲。改革掀開(kāi)了中東現(xiàn)代化的序幕,但宏大的改革目標(biāo)和計(jì)劃并未完全實(shí)現(xiàn);西方列強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)滲透和政治控制非但沒(méi)有減弱反而增大,中東到20世紀(jì)初期仍未擺脫困境,而近代的這次撞擊、裂變和震蕩持續(xù)一百多年,余波延續(xù)到20世紀(jì)后期。從分析奧斯曼帝國(guó)和波斯19世紀(jì)以來(lái)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)著眼,進(jìn)而探討工業(yè)文明沖擊下中東社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型問(wèn)題,是揭示中東現(xiàn)代化特殊道路的關(guān)鍵,是剖析中東社會(huì)落后原因的根本途徑。 本文研究的重點(diǎn):一是考察中東民族國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革與現(xiàn)代化的起點(diǎn),分析其現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中某些經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題的根源。二是研究中東地區(qū)的整體經(jīng)濟(jì)特征與中東內(nèi)部的經(jīng)濟(jì)差異及不平衡性;既做宏觀研究,又做具體分析。三是探討19世紀(jì)中東經(jīng)濟(jì)在不同層面上的變化:“西化”改革前后中東經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化;淪為半殖民地前后中東經(jīng)濟(jì)的變化,尤其1809至1938年阿拉伯行省經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況,這是國(guó)內(nèi)目前無(wú)人涉獵的研究領(lǐng)域。四是對(duì)近代經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型模式進(jìn)行比較研究,在近代不同國(guó)家近代化的各類(lèi)模式中,研究中東近代化道路的特殊性與復(fù)雜性。 關(guān)于中東近代經(jīng)濟(jì)及其轉(zhuǎn)型所涉及的一些基本問(wèn)題,本文的主要觀點(diǎn)可闡述如下:其一,近代中東社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型從19世紀(jì)初期經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的改革開(kāi)始,改革是走向現(xiàn)代化的努力,傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)模式被打開(kāi)缺口,既有內(nèi)力的作用,也有外力的作用。盡管“挑戰(zhàn)——應(yīng)戰(zhàn)”模式有其缺陷,已經(jīng)受到批評(píng),但中東現(xiàn)代化的啟動(dòng)和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型分明是遇到工業(yè)文明挑戰(zhàn)之后的應(yīng)變。沒(méi)有工業(yè)文明的沖擊,中東改革和現(xiàn)代化的起步會(huì)更晚,社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)型可能會(huì)更慢。其二,19世紀(jì)改革者追求的是綜合目標(biāo)——國(guó)家富裕強(qiáng)大,并天真地認(rèn)為,只要建立西式工業(yè)就會(huì)變成工業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó);認(rèn)為一旦實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),就會(huì)趕上甚至超過(guò)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。急功近利的追求,認(rèn)識(shí)上的偏差,過(guò)高的期望值,是落后國(guó)家的改革者的通病:從途徑來(lái)說(shuō),試圖在不觸及制度的前提下通過(guò)引進(jìn)“器物文明”實(shí)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)國(guó)的目的,結(jié)果可想而知。不過(guò),改革者在具體部門(mén)推行的改革、采取的措施都有不同程度的效果或作用,僅經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域而言,改革的作用和影響是不能低估的。其三,中東
[Abstract]:The Middle East, like other parts of the East, encountered the challenge of industrial civilization from Western Europe in modern times. Due to the special geopolitical environment and historical and cultural factors in the Middle East, It is a crucial turning point in the history of the Middle East for more than 130 years from the beginning of 19th century to 1930s. Many of the problems in modern Middle Eastern society can be traced back to this period, when the Ottoman Empire and Persia, as political entities, were weakened and the impact of Western industrial civilization was strong. All kinds of contradictions and conflicts in the Middle East society are so intense that there are cultural collisions, economic fission and political shocks. Facing the situation of internal and external troubles and passive beatings, the political elites of the Middle East are determined to carry out reforms aimed at enriching the country and strengthening the armed forces. To catch up with Europe. The reform opened the prelude to the modernization of the Middle East, but the grand reform goals and plans were not fully realized; the economic infiltration and political control of the Western powers not only increased, but increased, and the Middle East still remained in trouble by the beginning of 20th century. The recent impact, fission and shock, lasted for more than 100 years, and the afterwave lasted until late 20th century. From the analysis of the social and economic aspects of the Ottoman Empire and Persia since 19th century, Thus, it is the key to reveal the special way of modernization in the Middle East to probe into the problem of social and economic transformation in the Middle East under the impact of industrial civilization. It is also the fundamental way to analyze the causes of the backward society in the Middle East. The main points of this paper are as follows: first, the starting point of the economic reform and modernization of the nation-states in the Middle East. The second is to study the overall economic characteristics of the Middle East and the economic differences and imbalances within the Middle East. The third is to explore the economic changes in the Middle East on different levels in 19th century: before and after the reform of "Westernization"; and before and after becoming a semi-colony, the economic changes in the Middle East, especially in the Arab provinces from 1809 to 1938. The fourth is the comparative study of the modern economic transformation mode, and the particularity and complexity of the modernization of the Middle East in the various modes of modernization of different countries in modern times. With regard to some basic issues concerning the modern economy and its transformation in the Middle East, the main points of view of this paper can be described as follows: first, the transformation of social economy in the modern Middle East began with the economic reform in the beginning of 19th century. Reform is an effort to move towards modernization. The traditional economic model has been opened up with a gap between internal and external forces, although the "challenge-combat" model has its shortcomings and has been criticized. But the start of modernization in the Middle East and the transformation of social economy are clearly the changes after the challenge of industrial civilization. Without the impact of industrial civilization, the reform and modernization of the Middle East will start later. Social and economic transformation is likely to be slower. Second, 19th-century reformers pursued a comprehensive goal of being rich and powerful, and naively assumed that the establishment of Western-style industries would turn them into industrial powerhouses; that once economic growth was achieved, They will catch up with or even surpass the developed countries. The pursuit of quick success and instant gain, the deviation in cognition, and the high expectations are common diseases of reformers in backward countries: by the way, The result of attempting to achieve the goal of a powerful country without touching the system by introducing a "weapon civilization" is conceivable. However, the measures taken by the reformers in specific sectors have had varying degrees of effect or effect. In the economic sphere alone, the role and impact of reform cannot be underestimated. Third, the Middle East
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K37

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 黃佛君;焦黎;;綠洲社會(huì)空間的形成與演化[J];新疆師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版);2008年02期

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本文編號(hào)：1522207