發(fā)布時間：2018-02-09 05:57

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 美國 羅斯福 歐洲危機 回應(yīng) 孤立主義　出處：《安徽大學》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 二十世紀三十年代的歐洲危機于第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后萌芽,在1929-1933年的經(jīng)濟大蕭條后逐漸惡化,并在1938-1940年期間迅速爆發(fā)。歐洲危機在1938-1940年期間的演變,以捷克斯洛伐克-慕尼黑危機為伊始,隨著歐戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)而全面激化,進而在法國淪陷前后到達了高潮。三十年代深陷于孤立主義情緒的美國在應(yīng)對1938-1940年歐洲危機的問題上,其態(tài)度和行動有一個從“隔岸觀火”到全面介入的轉(zhuǎn)變過程。 在1938年5月到9月的捷克斯洛伐克—慕尼黑危機中,由于國內(nèi)的政治、經(jīng)濟形勢,美國的態(tài)度始終搖擺不定、噯昧不明。在慕尼黑會議召開前夕,美國甚至在一定程度上支持了英法的綏靖行徑；1938年10月到1939年8月期間,歐洲危機在慕尼黑會議后持續(xù)惡化,戰(zhàn)爭瀕臨爆發(fā)。美國對自身的地緣安全進行了反思,逐漸停止了國內(nèi)的“新政”改革,并一改之前無為觀望的態(tài)度,積極采取了一系列的行動以阻止歐洲戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)。它一方面對極權(quán)主義國家進行了震懾、遏制,一方面嘗試用各種手段增強西歐民主國家的軍事力量,并盡力嘗試促成反法西斯統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線,然而這些努力并沒有阻止歐戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)；當歐戰(zhàn)在1939年9月爆發(fā)后,美國進一步嘗試利用自己的力量去影響左右歐洲危機事態(tài)的發(fā)展。它一方面實質(zhì)性地支援、配合了英法盟國的封鎖戰(zhàn)略,一方面理智地應(yīng)對了蘇聯(lián)在東歐的擴張行動,其目的就在于盡可能地限制歐戰(zhàn)的范圍。在盟國的封鎖戰(zhàn)略失敗、盟國前景岌岌可危的情況下,美國又進行了一系列意在挽救盟國、促進歐洲和平恢復(fù)的調(diào)停行動,然而這些努力并沒有阻止歐戰(zhàn)的進一步擴大；1940年4月到6月期間,美國一方面做了最后的努力希望制止歐洲戰(zhàn)火的蔓延,一方面最后一次以“中立國”的身份對盟國展開了緊急的救助。在法國淪陷、英國被困在不列顛群島的惡劣態(tài)勢下,美國對自己的地緣安全進行了嚴肅的再思考,隨后毅然放棄了“中立國”的角色,轉(zhuǎn)而進入了全力支援盟國但不參戰(zhàn)的“非交戰(zhàn)國”角色,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的發(fā)展進程由此受到了深遠的影響。 1938-1940年期間,美國逐漸改變了其孤立于歐洲事務(wù)之外的姿態(tài),其中富蘭克林·羅斯福總統(tǒng)發(fā)揮了重要的作用。作為伍德羅·威爾遜總統(tǒng)國際主義理想的衣缽繼承人,羅斯福真心地希望美國能在世界事務(wù)中有所作為,但他同時作為一個和平主義者,也不愿意美國卷入歐洲的沖突,所以他在這段時期對結(jié)束歐洲爭端、恢復(fù)歐洲穩(wěn)定的可能性進行了不遺余力的尋求。然而,隨著歐洲危機的日漸惡化、美國受到的威脅日益加深,羅斯福終于明白,以自由、民主文化傳統(tǒng)為標榜的美國不可能與以獨裁、侵略、軍國主義為特征的極權(quán)主義國家和平共存。為了保證美國國家利益的安全,羅斯福一方面對美國乃至美洲的戰(zhàn)略防御能力進行了強化,一方面沖破了國內(nèi)孤立主義勢力的重重阻撓,對美國地緣安全的第一道防線——西歐民主國家進行了一系列循序漸進的援助,帶領(lǐng)美國完成了由“中立國”到“非交戰(zhàn)國”的角色轉(zhuǎn)變,這成為美國積極地、永久地介入世界事務(wù)并崛起成為世界頭號超級大國的起點。
[Abstract]:In 1930s the European crisis originated in the first World War, a progressive deterioration in the economic depression of 1929-1933 years, and quickly broke out in 1938-1940 years. During the evolution of the crisis in Europe during the 1938-1940 years, the Czechoslovakia - Munich crisis at the beginning, with the outbreak of war in Europe and comprehensive intensified, then in the fall of France before and after arrived the climax. In 30s the United States trapped in isolationism in response to the 1938-1940 years of the European crisis, the attitudes and actions of a comprehensive intervention from the "watch" to the transformation process.
From May 1938 to September in Czechoslovakia - Munich crisis, due to domestic political and economic situation, the attitude of the United States is always wavering, ambiguous. In Munich on the eve of the meeting, the United States and even to a certain extent in support of the British and French appeasement; October 1938 to August 1939, the European crisis continued to deteriorate after the meeting in Munich on the brink of war, broke out. The United States thought of their own geopolitical security, and gradually stopped the "New Deal" reform, and a change of inaction and wait-and-see attitude, and actively take a series of actions to prevent the outbreak of war in Europe. It was a deterrent to a totalitarian state to curb, try to use one hand a variety of means to strengthen the democratic countries in Western military forces, and try to promote the anti fascist united front, but these efforts did not prevent the outbreak of war in Europe; When the European war broke out in September 1939, the United States attempted to use their power further to influence the developments of the European crisis. On the one hand it has substantial support, with the Allied blockade strategy, on the one hand to deal with the reason the Soviet Union's expansion in Eastern Europe, its purpose is to try to limit the war in Europe the scope of the failed allied blockade strategy, the Allies under the condition of the future in jeopardy, and carried out a series of to save the allies, to promote European mediation to restore the peace action, but these efforts did not stop further expansion in Europe; April 1940 to June, the United States has made a final effort to stop the war in Europe the spread of a last time to "neutral" identity of the allies launched an emergency rescue. In the fall of France, Britain was trapped in the bad situation of the evil of the British Isles The United States seriously rethought its geopolitical security, then resolutely abandoned the role of "neutral state" and entered into the role of "non belligerent country" which fully supported the Allies but did not participate in the war. The development process of the second world war has been profoundly affected.
During the 1938-1940 years, the United States has gradually changed its isolation from the European affairs stance, which President Roosevelt Franklin has played an important role. As president Woodrow Wilson's internationalist ideal heir to the throne, Roosevelt sincerely hope that the United States can make a difference in the world affairs, but he also as a pacifist, is not willing to U.S. involvement in the conflict in Europe, so he in this period to the end of the European conflict and possibility of recovering the European stability of spare no effort seeking. However, with the increasingly worsening crisis in Europe, the United States by the threat of deepening, Roosevelt finally understand, to freedom, the traditional culture of democracy as advertised by the United States can not with authoritarian aggression militarism, totalitarian state of peaceful coexistence. In order to ensure the safety of the national interests of the United States, the Roosevelt side face The United States and the American strategic defense ability was strengthened, on the one hand to break the obstacles of domestic isolationism of the United States, Geopolitical Security first line of Defense -- Western democracy conducted a series of step-by-step assistance to lead the United States completed by the "neutral" to "non belligerent", which became the U.S. actively involved in world affairs, permanent and emerging as a starting point the world's superpower.

【學位授予單位】：安徽大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K712.5

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條

1 李靜;富蘭克林·D·羅斯福的世界裁軍思想[D];山東師范大學;2013年

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