本文關(guān)鍵詞： 宗教改革 近代 英國 死亡觀念　出處：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在中世紀(jì)基督教的信仰體系中,死亡占據(jù)重要的位置。由死亡衍生出一套完整的理論觀念及其實(shí)踐機(jī)制,其中,“原罪”、救贖與永生是其重要內(nèi)容。到12世紀(jì),死亡的觀念及其實(shí)踐進(jìn)一步發(fā)展變化,主要表現(xiàn)為煉獄信仰的傳播和將靈魂從煉獄中早日拯救出來的實(shí)踐。作為肉體死后至末日審判前靈魂遭受磨難的地方,煉獄加劇了人們對于死亡的恐懼心理,為了縮短靈魂在煉獄里的時(shí)間,各種救贖靈魂的實(shí)踐獲得進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,主要有舉行亡靈彌撒、進(jìn)行慈善捐贈、埋葬在神圣場所及購買贖罪券等。16世紀(jì),宗教改革在西歐爆發(fā),出于各種現(xiàn)實(shí)與宗教利益的考慮,以國王為首的英國宗教改革者通過立法的形式對死亡問題做出了一系列新的規(guī)定,主要體現(xiàn)為摒棄煉獄信仰、禁止兜售贖罪券、堅(jiān)持《圣經(jīng)》至上、取消夜間守靈和安魂彌撒等。由于國家對這些規(guī)定的強(qiáng)制推行,大批附屬于教堂的小禮拜堂被強(qiáng)制沒收,贖罪券也得到了禁止,官方立場在新教狂熱分子和天主教徒之間確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了一定影響,但不可否認(rèn)的是占全國人口絕大多數(shù)的普通人,他們的思想還是趨向保守的。在這種情況下,即便是在受新教影響較深的英格蘭南部和東部地區(qū),天主教傳統(tǒng)依然強(qiáng)有力地影響著人們的日常生活。新教世界,無論是城市還是農(nóng)村,都沒有發(fā)生與傳統(tǒng)更為深刻的決裂。誠然,英國社會集體意識確實(shí)經(jīng)歷了與兩個世紀(jì)以來建構(gòu)的復(fù)雜而規(guī)范的用以解決死者和活人相互交流的體系的崩潰局面,但是,需要指出的是這些喪葬實(shí)踐和信仰上的變革絕大程度上也并非宗教改革運(yùn)動的推動,究其實(shí)質(zhì)是社會世俗化及個人主義力量增長作用的結(jié)果。權(quán)貴階層建議或確立的死的新模式在社會中并未實(shí)現(xiàn)真正地推廣,人們并未以馴服的姿態(tài)表達(dá)集體的回應(yīng),官方話語讓位于強(qiáng)烈的社會習(xí)俗。同時(shí),宗教改革過程中,新教除舊的努力不僅未能達(dá)成其預(yù)期的效果,反而為完全世俗的想法進(jìn)入喪葬禮儀的內(nèi)部鋪平了道路,宗教改革對英國社會層面帶來的變革并未像傳統(tǒng)印象中那般深刻。本文以宗教改革時(shí)期英國的死亡觀及其實(shí)踐為研究對象,旨在揭示宗教改革問題上一直以來存在的誤解與認(rèn)識偏差,并從這種微觀歷史研究的視角出發(fā),對已有的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行可能的修正。
[Abstract]:In the Christian belief system of the Middle Ages, death occupies an important position. A complete set of theoretical concepts and practical mechanisms are derived from death, among which, "original sin". Redemption and immortality are important contents. By 12th century, the concept of death and its practice have further developed and changed. As a place where the soul suffered after the death of the body until the end of the trial, purgatory intensified people's fear of death. In order to shorten the time of soul in purgatory, the practice of various salvation souls has been further developed, including the holding of mass of the dead, charitable donation, burial in sacred places and purchase of atonement coupons and so on. The religious reform broke out in Western Europe. In consideration of various realities and religious interests, the British religious reformers headed by the King made a series of new regulations on death by way of legislation. It is mainly embodied in the abandonment of purgatory belief, the prohibition of selling atonement coupons, the adherence to the supremacy of the Bible, the abolition of nighttime wakes and mass, etc. As a result of the compulsory implementation of these regulations by the state. A large number of chapel attached to the church were forcibly confiscated, and the atonement certificates were banned, and the official position did have an impact between Protestant fanatics and Catholics. But it is undeniable that ordinary people, who make up the vast majority of the population, tend to be conservative. In this case, even in the more Protestant south and east of England. Catholicism still exerts a strong influence on people's daily lives. There is no more profound break with tradition in the Protestant world, both in urban and rural areas. The collective consciousness of the British community did experience the collapse of a complex and normative system of communication between the dead and the living, which had been constructed over the past two centuries, but. It should be pointed out that most of the changes in funeral practices and beliefs are not promoted by the religious reform movement. The essence of it is the result of the growth of social secularization and individualism. The new mode of death suggested or established by the elite has not been really popularized in society. The collective response was not expressed in a tame manner, and official discourse gave way to strong social customs. At the same time, in the process of religious reform, Protestant efforts not only failed to achieve the desired results. Instead, it paves the way for completely secular ideas to enter the interior of funeral rites. The changes brought by religious reform to the British society are not as profound as the traditional impressions. This paper focuses on the concept of death and its practice in Britain during the period of religious reform. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the misunderstandings and cognitive biases in religious reform, and to correct the existing problems from the perspective of microcosmic historical research.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K561.3;B979

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