本文選題：葉適　切入點(diǎn)：盛衰論　出處：《河南師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：歷史盛衰論即是對國家何以興,又因何而衰的反思與概括。通過對“前事”的總結(jié),為“后事”提供治世之道�？v觀古今,歷代學(xué)者均對歷史盛衰問題進(jìn)行了思考。葉適作為南宋時(shí)期事功學(xué)派的集大成者,亦就這一問題從君德、人才、民本等不同方面提出了自己的看法。葉適的歷史盛衰理論是以“君德”為基石,強(qiáng)調(diào)“有德則興,無德則衰而亡”,以自身之“德教”培養(yǎng)人才,以“名實(shí)相符”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選拔人才,能者上,庸者下,從而與君主共守天下。以“民重君輕”的準(zhǔn)則施政于民,主張從“田地”入手,解決當(dāng)時(shí)“民”的問題,通過“修身明勢”規(guī)避導(dǎo)致國家衰亡的潛在因素。在“君德”層面,葉適認(rèn)為“君德”不僅是君主個人修養(yǎng)品德,也是得天下、治天下的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和尺度。他反對君主利用權(quán)利威令治理國家,認(rèn)為君主應(yīng)當(dāng)“為政以德”,同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“蓄實(shí)德”。以君主之德治理天下,使天下之人真正歸附。在“人才”層面,葉適認(rèn)為君主應(yīng)該“進(jìn)人以禮”,針對南宋當(dāng)時(shí)的選官任官制度的詬病,葉適希望制定合理的人才培養(yǎng)和選拔制度,同時(shí)君主應(yīng)當(dāng)給予所用之人以充分的信任,分權(quán)給臣下。在“重民”層面,在葉適看來,民之?dāng)?shù)量多少,財(cái)富多寡,是國家盛衰的直接反應(yīng),應(yīng)該通過以官養(yǎng)之和使民自養(yǎng)的“養(yǎng)民”,通過制定合理制度的“富民”,通過輕徭薄賦的“治民”等方面對立國之本的“民”進(jìn)行治理。從“勢”的角度方面,所謂“勢”,即是指歷史發(fā)展之規(guī)律。通過對“勢”的把握,規(guī)避施政上的潛在問題。葉適強(qiáng)調(diào)在把握“時(shí)勢”的基礎(chǔ)上,適當(dāng)?shù)氖褂谩皺?quán)勢”來順應(yīng)歷史發(fā)展的“趨勢”。通過對“勢”的把握并能適時(shí)調(diào)整政策治理天下,是葉適對君主的期望。葉適歷史盛衰理論具有明顯經(jīng)世致用的事功性,他反對理學(xué)的空談,重“實(shí)德”,同時(shí),注重用發(fā)展的眼光看待歷史的盛衰。
[Abstract]:That is on the national historical ups and downs on how and why and Xing, reflection and summary. The "one ring" summary of Taoism "to provide funeral". Throughout history, the scholars are thinking of historical ups and downs Yeshi. As a master of the Southern Song Dynasty into practical school, also this problem from the personnel, their views of the people in different aspects. Ye's theory is based on "the historical rise and fall" as the cornerstone, the emphasis on "De Xing without virtue is bad", with its "moral education" to cultivate talent, to "reality" the standard of selecting talents, capable, concerning, and to keep the world. "A civil rights" policy guidelines for the people, from the "field" to start, then solve the issue of "people", leading to potential factors of national decline by self potential. In the "Ming" to avoid the "layer And Ye Shi believes that the "conduit" is not only a personal moral cultivation, but also the world, measure scale and rule the world. He opposed the monarchy and the right to power to govern the country, that the monarch should "rule by virtue", also stressed that "storage Shide." to the monarch's Moral Governance of the world, so that all the people true. Joined in the "talent" level, Ye Shi believes that the monarch should "into rite", criticized the official appointment system at that time, the official selection of Southern Song Dynasty, ye hope of personnel training and selection system to make reasonable use, the sovereign should give full trust at the same time, decentralization to the "people in the courtiers." in the leaf level, many people, it seems appropriate, the number of the amount of wealth, is a direct response to the rise and fall of the country, should be adopted to keep official and the autotrophic "cultivating people", through the establishment of reasonable system of "the rich", through the light thin Fu Yao people "" In the opposite aspects of the "people" of governance. From the perspective of "potential", "Shi", which refers to the historical development of the law. Through the "potential" to grasp, to avoid potential problems on the administration. Ye in the grasp of the situation that "on the basis of proper use" power "to conform to the historical development of" trend ". Through the" potential "to grasp and adjust the policy to govern the world, is suitable for the monarch's expectations. The leaf leaf suitable achievements has obvious practical and theory of history, he opposed science talk," Sui ", at the same time, pay attention to look at history with the development of the vision of the ups and downs.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K092

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