本文關鍵詞：科學協(xié)會與身份認同：1714-1837年英國中產階級的科學文化，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        喬治王朝時期是英國社會發(fā)生巨大變革的一段歷史時期。本文試圖通過對英國1714-1837年期間科學協(xié)會及其活動的分析,討論中產階級通過參與科學文化的表達,逐步確立自身價值,實現(xiàn)身份認同,獲得進入精英權威世界的機會,在與其他群體的互動中推動社會分層實現(xiàn)的過程。在社會和經濟領域,18世紀發(fā)生了巨大的變革,一種建立在追求財富基礎上的城市復興展開,人口增長,城市規(guī)模擴大,經濟發(fā)展,各種新興貿易行業(yè)產生,并且引發(fā)了人們生活和消費方式的轉變。在經濟進入新的發(fā)展增長階段的時期,消費成為引領英國經濟向前發(fā)展的指揮棒。傳統(tǒng)貴族精英通過消費、特別是脫離基本生存資料的奢侈品消費實現(xiàn)身份的確認和地位的鞏固,這更加推動了奢侈品經濟的急速擴張,使得越來越多的人有了通往上層社會的渠道。再加上產生自經濟發(fā)展狀況的文化特質的鼓勵,金錢和地位之間的自由轉換開始有了實現(xiàn)的可能。在這個過程中,富裕的中產階級成為最大的受益者,他們獲得了向上流動的機會,在貴族身邊有了自己的位置,其結果就是社會結構得以重塑,新的更加多樣化的精英開始出現(xiàn)。在思想和文化傳統(tǒng)中,英國社會一直有著追求科學和理性的成分。在歷史上上層統(tǒng)治階級是此種理想的踐行者,一種紳士-學者綜合統(tǒng)一體的理想始終存在并對貴族自身和整個社會施加著影響。他們將以自然知識為代表的科學視為普遍文化一部分,正是此種觀念成為中產階級通過仿效從而實現(xiàn)地位提升的渠道。另一方面18世紀英國溫和的啟蒙文化在思想上促使啟蒙和進步等理念成為上中層文化生活的中心,在追求科學和理性的同時將社會控制作為潛臺詞。在實踐層面各種相關自愿團體紛紛出現(xiàn),以理性的精神進行研究和溝通,形成了一種有助于輕松交流的文化環(huán)境。因此社會經濟和思想文化都為中產階級通過參與文化生活提高自身影響力打下了基礎。18世紀后期伴隨著工業(yè)革命在英國各地興起,中產階級的科學事業(yè)也在蓬勃發(fā)展。在傳統(tǒng)的研究視角中,英國科學長期以來都被認為推動了工業(yè)革命的產生和發(fā)展,是經濟發(fā)展的附帶現(xiàn)象,關注重點一直放在它與工業(yè)的相互關系上。但通過對當時形形色色以科學協(xié)會為主導力量的活動的實證研究可以發(fā)現(xiàn),這些參與者中有很多是地方醫(yī)生、職員、商人、制造商、律師、技術工匠等等中產階級成員,他們沒有取得被后人銘記的科學成就,卻并不是失敗的科學家,只是利用本職工作之外的閑暇時光參與科學活動的愛好者,擁有足以謀生的職業(yè),科學對他們來說僅僅是一種有益的興趣愛好,豐富茶余飯后的生活,結識更多境遇相同的朋友,并且有可能的話,通過展現(xiàn)自身文化理想的方式增強社會影響力。中產階級參與科學活動的同時,科學文化和理想日漸表現(xiàn)為一種受到社會認同并能夠自我鞏固的話語形式。在思想觀念中,科學開始與輕松優(yōu)雅的社交過程、備受提倡的自由教育、完整人格的塑造培養(yǎng)等等方面聯(lián)系在一起加以考慮;在社會生活中,科學儀器與咖啡、煙草等等眾多商品一同進入市場,并且成為大受中產階級歡迎的消費對象�？茖W已經在18世紀末從一種外在的追求內化成為普通人的一種心理需求。同時,一個階級的活動必須將其放在整個社會背景中考慮,中產階級在通過科學這一元素確立自身特有價值的同時也與其他階級發(fā)生著交互作用。一方面,在中產階級與上層貴族的關系中科學的包容性是兩個群體相互連接的渠道�？茖W在英國社會和英國人心中的形象自始至終在本質上都沒有改變,它始終被視為文化的一部分,視為“向有才能的人開放”的一種智力上的追求,這與其他由精英控制的文化形式不同,證明了科學的包容性�？茖W可以視為英國的思想、社會和文化變革的關鍵元素。中產階級通過科學文化上的表達和嘗試,特別足科學相關機構的建立和交流,獲得進入精英世界的機會,這是社會流動的表現(xiàn)形式之一。另一方面,在中產階級與下層世界的關系中科學的排斥性體現(xiàn)的更加明顯。進入科學世界的大門至相當晚近的時期都對工人階級關閉,到19世紀初,已經獲取文化優(yōu)勢地位的中產者們不僅關注自身的科學追求,同樣開始踐行大眾教育。他們?yōu)楣と穗A級提供帶有豐富科學因素的講座、出版物、教育機構,用多種手段傳播科學文化,根本目的并不在于提高工人階級地位,而是表達自身的文化優(yōu)勢,從而實現(xiàn)確立自身地位和文化權威的目的。本文的目標是從以英國喬治王朝前期經濟和思想變革為基礎的后期豐富多彩的科學協(xié)會及其活動中整理辨析出背后隱藏著的中產階級文化因素,并將中產階級的科學活動與社會生活的其他層面、乃至整個社會轉型過程聯(lián)系起來討論,希望能夠成為中產階級文化研究的新切入點。

    The George Dynasty (1714-1837) was a historical period of great transformation. This paper attempted to discuss a process in which the middle class participated in the scientific and cultural expression, and gradually established their own values as well as identity in order to grab the opportunity to gain access to the elite world of cultural hegemony through a variety of science associations and their activities from the late18th century to the early19th century. In the process of interaction with other groups, the realization of social stratification was promoted.In social and economic fields, the18th century was a period in which great changes had took place. Urban renaissance was developed on the basis of pursuing wealth. The population grew, the cities expanded and the economic developed. New trade forms emerged and caused people to change their ways of life and consumption. In the age when the economy entered a new development stage of growth, consumption had become the baton to lead the English economy forward. Traditional aristocratic elite confirmed their identity and consolidated the status through consumption activities, especially the luxury consumption which exceeds the need of basic survival. The rapid expansion of the luxury economy was facilitated, consequently more and more people acquired access to the upper classes. Coupled with the encouragement of cultural traits resulted from economic development, the goal of switching between money and status freely was likely to achieve. In this process, the affluent middle class became the biggest beneficiary. They had got the opportunities to go upward, and received the position alongside the aristocratic. As a result, the social structures remodeled, new and more diverse elite began to appear.In the ideological and cultural traditions, British society had got a legacy of pursuing science and reason for a long time. As the practitioner of such ideal, upper class encouraged the gentleman-scholar image to exerted influence on themselves and society as a whole. They viewed science which was represented by natural knowledge as part of the general culture. Middle class emulated this ideal in order to enhance their status. Moreover, British impelled the concept of enlightenment and progress to become the center of the cultural life of the upper and middle classes, and achieved social control at the same time. On a practical level, a variety of voluntary groups had been appearing, and studied as well as communicated in the atmosphere of rational. A cultural environment which was conducive to easy exchange formed consequently. Therefore, middle class began to participate in cultural life to improve their own influence. Socio-economy and ideological culture both laid the foundation for them.In the late18th century, along with the industrial revolution, scientific enterprise of middle class was flourishing and spreading over the country. In traditional perspective, British science was long been believed to promote the emergence and development of the industrial revolution, was the accompanying phenomenon of economy. The focus of scholars was its relationship with industry. However, it has been found that quite a few participators were the members of middle class, such as local medical men, clerks, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers and artisans. They had no memorable scientific achievements but were not unsuccessful scientists. For them, science was just a beneficial interest which enriched their lives, made like-minded friends, and enhanced their social status by showing their cultural characteristics if possible.In the meantime, the culture and ideal of science had increasingly become a discourse which was accepted by the whole society and could self-consolidate. In concept, science began to make contact with the easiness and politeness of social conversation, liberal education and shaping of the complete personality. In practice, scientific instruments came into the market just like coffee, tobacco and so on. They became popular among the middle class. Science had transformed from external pursuit to a kind of psychological needs of ordinary people in late18th century.Activities of one class must be considered in the background of the society as a whole. Middle class was always in touch with other groups. On the one hand, the inclusiveness of science was the interconnected channel of middle class and aristocracy. Science has always been regarded as part of the general culture and a kind of intellectual pursuits in which every gifted man could take part. The middle class seized the opportunity to get into the elite world through the expressions and trials in science culture. It could be viewed as one of the forms of social mobility. On the other hand, the exclusiveness of science was deeply reflected in the relations of the middle and lower classes. The door of science had been closed until quite recent times for the working class. The middle class had begun on the enterprise of popular education till the early19th century. Nonetheless, their fundamental purpose was not to improve the working class status but to express their own superiority. The goals of establishing status and cultural hegemony were realized consequently.The aim of this paper is to see through British science associations and its activities in the late George Dynasty, so as to analyze the cultural factors of middle class hidden behind them. Middle class science activities and other aspects of social life, and even the entire process of social transformation should be linked together. A new breakthrough for the study of middle class culture is expected to set up.

科學協(xié)會與身份認同：1714-1837年英國中產階級的科學文化

中文摘要3-6Abstract6-8前言10-21    第一節(jié) 選題由來與文章主旨10-15    第二節(jié) 國內外研究動態(tài)15-21第一章 英國人的科學情結21-38    第一節(jié) 喬治王朝的時代背景21-30        一、社會和經濟變革：城市復興和消費革命21-24        二、社會心態(tài)的轉變：階級觀念的松動和社會流動的可能24-26        三、中產階級概念界定及特征26-30    第二節(jié) 追求知識的文化傳統(tǒng)30-38        一、英國貴族的傳統(tǒng)理想30-33        二、啟蒙運動的塑造作用33-38第二章 走向興盛的科學活動38-60    第一節(jié) 倫敦：傳統(tǒng)上層知識文化活動的延續(xù)38-48        一、倫敦皇家學會：貴族的陣地38-43        二、中產階級科學組織：向上的動力43-48    第二節(jié) 地方：中產階級主導與上中層精英聯(lián)合48-60        一、曼徹斯特48-50        二、伯明翰50-52        三、紐卡斯爾52-55        四、謝菲爾德55-56        五、布里斯托爾56-58        六、其他中小城市58-60第三章 科學話語的實現(xiàn)60-75    第一節(jié) 進入社交領域：科學成為社會特征61-67        一、社交與科學活動的聯(lián)系61-64        二、科學話語的表現(xiàn)形式64-67    第二節(jié) 進入消費市場：科學成為身份界定方式67-75        一、科學商品與社會形象67-69        二、科學儀器的演變與成功69-75第四章 科學文化的兩面性75-94    第一節(jié) 中產階級與貴族75-85        一、文化優(yōu)勢：中產階級文化崛起的可能性75-80        二、科學的包容性：中產階級與貴族的聯(lián)合80-85    第二節(jié) 中產階級與工人階級85-94        一、科學普及活動和技工學校運動85-88        二、中產階級心態(tài)與科學的排斥性88-94結語：文化語境下的中產階級心態(tài)與實踐94-99參考文獻99-108后記108-110

  本文關鍵詞：科學協(xié)會與身份認同：1714-1837年英國中產階級的科學文化，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。