本文關(guān)鍵詞：英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法現(xiàn)代化簡(jiǎn)析，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法現(xiàn)代化簡(jiǎn)析

英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法現(xiàn)代化簡(jiǎn)析

婚姻關(guān)系、家庭關(guān)系和繼承關(guān)系都是人類(lèi)社會(huì)最基本的法律關(guān)系，它們密切相聯(lián)，不可分割。所謂婚姻家庭繼承法的現(xiàn)代化，就是指調(diào)整以上關(guān)系的法律制度由傳統(tǒng)型向現(xiàn)代型轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程，這個(gè)過(guò)程是一個(gè)國(guó)家法律制度乃至整個(gè)社會(huì)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程的重要組成部分。 英國(guó)在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期內(nèi)實(shí)行的是中世紀(jì)封建的婚姻家庭繼承法，其總體特點(diǎn)是，法律規(guī)范具有明顯的模糊性和不確定性，管理機(jī)構(gòu)不統(tǒng)一，執(zhí)行狀況混亂，因?yàn)樗鼈兪艿浇虝?huì)法、世俗法和習(xí)慣法的三重管轄。 在婚姻家庭法方面，婚姻的締結(jié)往往是出于經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和家族利益的綜合考慮，由父母一手包辦，結(jié)婚沒(méi)有自由。另外，按照基督教的教義，婚姻是一種體現(xiàn)上帝意志的神圣約定，一旦締結(jié)就永不可解除。所以離婚也沒(méi)有自由。在婚姻生活中，由于封建法保護(hù)父權(quán)夫權(quán)的身份，妻子處在丈夫的制約和支配之下。 在繼承法方面，中世紀(jì)的繼承事務(wù)比較復(fù)雜，動(dòng)產(chǎn)和不動(dòng)產(chǎn)使用不同的繼承方式。不動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承主要由世俗法管轄，盛行長(zhǎng)子繼承制，單純強(qiáng)調(diào)財(cái)產(chǎn)的完整性而不考慮其他家庭成員的利益，子女之間、夫妻之間的繼承權(quán)存在明顯的不平等；動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承主要由教會(huì)法調(diào)整，動(dòng)產(chǎn)被平均分成三份，妻子、子女和教會(huì)各繼承三分之一�？梢�(jiàn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承比不動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承具有進(jìn)步性。但是，中世紀(jì)是以不動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承為主，動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承處于次要地位。另外，這一時(shí)期英國(guó)也出現(xiàn)了遺囑繼承，但是關(guān)于遺囑繼承的法律很不完善，實(shí)行絕對(duì)遺囑自由制，并不是近現(xiàn)代意 義上的遺囑繼承。 從16世紀(jì)起，英國(guó)開(kāi)始由中世紀(jì)封建社會(huì)向近代資本主義社會(huì)過(guò)渡，商品貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)取代了自然經(jīng)濟(jì)；資本主義化了的新貴族階層和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)共同發(fā)動(dòng)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了17世紀(jì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命，推翻了封建專(zhuān)制制度，建立了君主立憲制，確立了法律至上、議會(huì)主權(quán)和司法獨(dú)立制度。后來(lái)英國(guó)又率先開(kāi)始和完成了工業(yè)革命，到19世紀(jì)30—40年代，英國(guó)第一個(gè)進(jìn)入了現(xiàn)代資本主義工業(yè)社會(huì)。 工業(yè)社會(huì)給家庭生活結(jié)構(gòu)和婚姻繼承制度帶來(lái)了革命性的影響。先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)力以及高效的生產(chǎn)率使人們的財(cái)富急劇增長(zhǎng)，土地已不再是最主要的財(cái)產(chǎn)，動(dòng)產(chǎn)繼承日益重要;第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的興起和形形色色的家用電器把婦女從繁重的家務(wù)勞動(dòng)中解放出來(lái)，使她們獲得了外出就業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)，單獨(dú)領(lǐng)取工資，經(jīng)濟(jì)上獲得前所未有的自立。家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能己經(jīng)消失，變成了感情寄托的場(chǎng)所，婚姻和繼承可以?huà)侀_(kāi)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的考慮。福利制度的建立使每個(gè)人的基本生活得到保障，人們的觀念也己經(jīng)發(fā)生變化，對(duì)婚姻和繼承的態(tài)度產(chǎn)生影響。 上述變化意味著中世紀(jì)留下來(lái)的婚姻家庭繼承法己不能適應(yīng)新時(shí)代的需要，革新婚姻家庭繼承法勢(shì)在必行。 在婚姻家庭法方面，實(shí)現(xiàn)了婚姻自由。首先通過(guò)解除婚約束縛、規(guī)范結(jié)婚形式而實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)婚自由。其次，18、19世紀(jì)頒布實(shí)施了一系列保護(hù)婦女權(quán)利的法律規(guī)定，夫妻地位趨于平等。最后是離婚自山的實(shí)現(xiàn)，主要經(jīng)過(guò)三個(gè)大的發(fā)展階段即:司法分居的出現(xiàn);以議會(huì)立法程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)的離婚;通過(guò)司法程序訴訟離婚。離婚理山從“過(guò)錯(cuò)主義”原則改為“破裂主義”原則。 在繼承法方面，發(fā)生最大變化的是遺囑繼承。它慢慢取代法定繼承，占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，并且由絕對(duì)遺囑自山制轉(zhuǎn)為相對(duì)遺囑自由制。其次，通過(guò)1925年一系列有關(guān)遺產(chǎn)繼承的法案，英國(guó)廢除了長(zhǎng)子繼承制，同時(shí)照顧長(zhǎng)子和其他子女的利益;廢除了男性?xún)?yōu)于女性的原則，實(shí)現(xiàn)了性別的完全平等:取消了復(fù)式繼承制，動(dòng)產(chǎn)與不動(dòng)產(chǎn)使用同樣的繼承方式。最后配偶和非婚生子女的繼承地位提高。 最終，，英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法實(shí)現(xiàn)了從傳統(tǒng)向現(xiàn)代的轉(zhuǎn)變，具有獨(dú)特的個(gè)性。英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法的現(xiàn)代化最明顯的特點(diǎn)有三個(gè):婚姻家庭法的現(xiàn)代化與繼承法的現(xiàn)代化相輔相成;教會(huì)法從客觀上對(duì)英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法的現(xiàn)代化起了有利的推動(dòng)作用;其過(guò)程體現(xiàn)了一種從身份到契約、從家庭本位到個(gè)人本位的轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程。同時(shí)，英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法現(xiàn)代化的完成體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:法律覆蓋范圍擴(kuò)大:法律規(guī)定更加人道，并且從單純關(guān)注人的物質(zhì)利益上升到對(duì)人的精神意志的關(guān)注:法律更趨于完善與合理，達(dá)成了自山與紀(jì)律的統(tǒng)一;法律與道德的關(guān)系更為和諧。

【Abstract】 The Concise Analyses of Modernization of English law of Marriage and SuccessionMarriage relationship, family relationship and succession relationship is essential legal relationship in the society. They tie up with each other. The so-called modernization of law of marriage and succession is a process that legal system regulating aforesaid relationship changes from tradition to modern. This process is a part of modernization of legal system of a country even the whole society.For a long time, England adopted feudal law of marriage and succession. Its characters were that rules of law were blurry, management of law disaccorded and the law was executed confusedly. Because the affairs of English marriage and succession were ruled by church law, temporal law and unwritten law.On the law of marriage, boys and girls had no matrimonial freedom, because the aim of matrimony was for the benefits of economy, politics and family. In addition, matrimony was holy promise in Christian tenets, so there was no freedom of divorce. Because feudal law protected the authority of husband and father, the wife was dominated by the husband in family.On the law of succession, the affairs of succession in middle ages were complicated. The inheritance of realty and chatters had different rules. The former was administrated by temporal law and prevailed primogeniture. The heirdom on realty was not equal. The latter was administrated by church law. Chattels were divided equally three shares for wife, children and church. One third for church was called "god’s share". So the succession of chatters was more progressive than that of realty, but the latter was in main position. At that time, though there were wills, the law on wills was incomplete. It adopted absolute testamentary freedom and it was different from modern wills.From 16th century, England began to transit from feudalism to capitalism.Market economy began to prevail. In the 17th century, England finished bourgeois revolution. It cancelled feudality, built constitutional monarchy and established jurisdictional independence. Later, England finished Industrial Revolution. Between 1930S and 1940S, England first strode forward contemporary technical society.Technical society deeply influenced family structure, marriage and succession. Owing to advanced productivity, fortunes increased. The succession of chattels got more important. The third industry and all kinds of electrical appliances made women liberate from housework. They obtained employment and drew salary, so they began to depend on themselves. Family became a place of feelings bailment. Marriage and succession wasn’t based on economy. Welfare ensured people’s essential life. People’s attitude to marriage and succession changed.These changes made the law of marriage and succession lagging, so it should be reformed.On the law of marriage, matrimonial freedom was realized. Conjugal freedom was realized by unchaining matrimonial vows and making conjugal form normative. Some rules protecting women made wife and husband equal between 18th century and 19th century. The law of divorce passed three phases: judicial separation, divorce by parliament’s legislation and divorce by proceeding. What’s more, the cause of divorce changed from the principle of "fault doctrine" to that of "rupture doctrine".On the law of succession, testamentary inheritance gained the ascendancy slowly and the relative testamentary freedom replaced the absolute one. In 1925, England abolished primogeniture. The eldest son and other children were equal on succession. At the same time, England abolished the principle of men having precedence over women. What’s more, England adopted the same successive rules for chattels and realty. Otherwise the successive status of spouse and misbegotten children was advanced.At last, English law of marriage and succession finished the change from traditional law to contemporary law. It had three characters: Firstly, the modernization of law of marriage is consistent with that of succession. Secondly, church la

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：英國(guó)婚姻家庭繼承法現(xiàn)代化簡(jiǎn)析，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。