【摘要】：在計劃生育國策、城鎮(zhèn)化進程加速、勞動力市場競爭加劇的背景下,農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老危機和城市“啃老”問題凸顯,其挑戰(zhàn)了費孝通提出的“反饋模式”,由此引發(fā)了學界一場關(guān)于“孝道是否衰落”的爭論。通過梳理已有文獻,我們發(fā)現(xiàn):關(guān)于孝道評價的主體,已有文獻多從社會或?qū)W者自身視角進行探究,卻忽視從最重要的評價主體——親代(孝道支持的直接獲得者)視角進行研究;關(guān)于孝道評價的客體,已有文獻多是籠統(tǒng)對所有子女進行孝道評價,卻忽視了多子女問題對研究結(jié)論準確性的影響;關(guān)于孝道評價的內(nèi)容,已有文獻多從供給視角即子女孝行為研究孝道評價,卻忽視了從需求視角即親代的孝道期望進行研究,自然也未能從供給與需求間差距的視角進行研究。基于此,本研究利用湖北省紅安縣6鎮(zhèn)13個村的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),擬從供求視角來綜合探討農(nóng)村老年人對子女孝行為的孝道評價。需要指出,本研究中的“子女”主要指在世且年齡最大的子女。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):第一,當前農(nóng)村老年人對子女的孝道期望并不高。主要表現(xiàn)在兩方面,一是在自己年老無法照顧自己、經(jīng)濟緊張等困難時刻子女可以盡孝,二是子女在閑暇時可回家或打電話給家里。子女能力、自身能力、家庭子女結(jié)構(gòu)是影響孝道期望的重要因素。結(jié)構(gòu)性壓力的背景下,受“責任倫理”的影響農(nóng)村老年人的孝道期望相對較低,孝道期望不會受子女家庭經(jīng)濟狀況、家庭撫養(yǎng)比和自身的家庭經(jīng)濟狀況、健康狀況的影響,在子女數(shù)較多或者該子女身體健康狀況較差時甚至會進一步降低對該子女的孝道期望,但是一旦喪偶,通過配偶來互助養(yǎng)老的愿景就會破滅,他們就不得不提高對子女的孝道期望。此外,受“蕎麥不算糧,女兒不養(yǎng)娘”的影響,農(nóng)村老年人對兒子的孝道期望要高于對女兒的孝道期望,但是對于純女戶家庭而言,受家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的制約,他們不得不提高對女兒的孝道期望。第二,結(jié)合農(nóng)村老年人的孝道期望發(fā)現(xiàn),當前農(nóng)村子女的盡孝情況較好,基本達到了農(nóng)村老年人的要求。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)構(gòu)性壓力背景下子女盡孝呈現(xiàn)出通過增加經(jīng)濟支持方面的孝行為來彌補生活照料方面孝行為缺位的傾向;農(nóng)村老年人獲得的子女孝道支持受到子女能力、父母能力、家庭子女結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,如子女的健康狀況、居住距離、被訪者是否喪偶、子女數(shù)是重要的影響因素。然而,我們也發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)子女的孝行為也存在一定的功利化傾向;(2)盡管男性老年人與女性老年人的孝道期望不存在差異,但男性老年人獲得的子女孝道支持卻低于女性老年人;(3)盡管農(nóng)村老年人對兒子的孝道期望要高于對女兒的孝道期望,但是獲得兒子的孝道支持與獲得女兒的孝道支持卻不存在差異,女兒養(yǎng)老逐漸凸顯。第三,當前農(nóng)村老年人對子女的孝道評價普遍偏好,也基本上不認同當前學界流行的關(guān)于不孝的說法。農(nóng)村老年人進行孝道評價時并不是簡單根據(jù)獲得的子女孝道支持(供給)或自己的孝道期望(需求)進行評判,而是結(jié)合自己對該子女的孝道期望(需求),根據(jù)其孝行為滿足其孝道期望的情況來進行評判,這是農(nóng)村老年人孝道評價的機理。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村老年人對女兒的孝道評價要高于對兒子的孝道評價,結(jié)合其孝道期望與獲得的子女孝道支持情況,農(nóng)村老年人孝道評價的機理被進一步驗證。
[Abstract]:In the context of the national policy of family planning, the acceleration of urbanization and the intensification of the labor market competition, the rural pension crisis and the "gnawing" problem of the city are prominent, which challenges the "feedback mode" proposed by Fei Xiaotong, which has triggered a debate about the decline of filial piety. The main body of the evaluation of Tao has been studied from the perspective of society or scholars, but it ignores the study of the most important evaluation subject, the parent (the direct winner of filial piety support), and the object of the evaluation of filial piety is that most of the literature is in general on the evaluation of all children, but the problem of multiple children is ignored. Conclusion the effect of accuracy; on the content of the evaluation of filial piety, there is a lot of literature from the perspective of supply of filial piety, but neglects the study of filial expectancy from the perspective of demand, which is not the gap between supply and demand. Based on this, this study uses 6 towns in Hong'an County of Hubei province 13 From the survey data of the village, it is intended to evaluate the filial piety of the children in rural areas from the perspective of supply and demand. It is necessary to point out that the "children" in this study mainly refers to the children of the world and the oldest. The research finds that the first, the current rural elderly people are not high in filial piety for their children. The main performance is two aspects, one is in their own. Old age can not take care of themselves, economic stress and other difficult times, children can be filial, two is children in leisure time to go home or call home. Children's ability, their ability, family structure is an important factor affecting the expectation of filial piety. Under the background of structural pressure, the "responsibility ethics" influence the rural elderly filial expectation phase At the lower level, the expectation of filial piety will not be affected by the family economic condition of the children, the family support ratio and the family economic condition, the health condition, and even further reduce the filial expectation to the children when the number of children is more or the children's health is poor, but a denier spouse will help each other to help each other. Disillusioned, they have to improve their filial expectancy for their children. In addition, influenced by the "buckwheat not counting grain, the daughter does not foster mother", the elderly people in the countryside expect the filial piety of their sons to be higher than their daughters' filial expectation, but for the pure female families, they have to raise their filial piety expectation to their daughters by the family structure. Second, According to the expectation of filial piety of the rural elderly, it is found that the filial piety of the rural children is better and basically meets the requirements of the rural elderly. We find that under the background of structural pressure, the children show the tendency to make up for the absence of filial piety by increasing the filial piety of the economic support; the rural elderly have acquired the filial piety. Children's filial piety support is affected by children's ability, parents' ability and family structure, such as the health of the children, the distance of living, the widow of the interviewees, the number of children is the important factor. However, we also find that (1) the filial piety of children also has a certain utilitarian tendency; (2) the filial piety of male and female elderly There is no difference in expectation, but the support of filial piety for the children of the old man is lower than that of the female old people; (3) although the expectancy of the filial piety of the old people in the countryside is higher than that of the daughter's filial piety, there is no difference between the son's filial support and the daughter's filial piety support, and the daughter's retirement is gradually highlighted. Third, the present age is present. The rural elderly have a general preference for their children's filial piety, and they also basically do not agree with the unfilial parlance prevailing in the current academic circles. It is the mechanism of the evaluation of filial piety for the elderly in rural areas. In addition, the study found that the evaluation of the filial piety of the old people in the countryside should be higher than the filial piety of the son, and the filial piety of the children and the filial piety of the children, and the evaluation of the filial piety of the elderly in the countryside. The reason is further verified.
【學位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：C913.6;F323.6

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