本文選題：禮金 + 隨禮行為�。� 參考：《東北財經(jīng)大學》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：禮物及其相應的隨禮行為作為一種普遍存在的社會事實,是社會學與人類學關注的重要問題之一。在農(nóng)村社區(qū)生活中,隨禮行為也是最經(jīng)常被討論的話題。而隨著社會發(fā)展,實物禮物向貨幣禮金的轉(zhuǎn)變,禮金在儀式性場合中的饋贈中占據(jù)了絕對主導的地位,因而,禮金的流動使得隨禮行為在社會交換中的經(jīng)濟意義倍受關注。 在本文中,筆者借鑒了部分學者的既有理論成果,力圖通過對現(xiàn)階段山東某農(nóng)村實地情況的調(diào)查研究,分析本土禮金交換的基本模式,剖析禮金在家庭間的往來,并深入探討禮金背后的社會關系維度的各個層面,嘗試著對禮金交換這一社會事實進行從微觀到宏觀的解讀。改革開放以來,我國社會各個層面都在發(fā)生著深遠的變革,經(jīng)濟利益成為社會價值的中心,物質(zhì)利益成為人們行動的重要內(nèi)驅(qū)力,于是,復雜的人際關系便基于利益而產(chǎn)生。社會由政治取向轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻?jīng)濟取向,喚起了人們追求物質(zhì)的欲望,人們的務實精神與利益追求的理性算計顯現(xiàn)出來。本文意圖通過對現(xiàn)代社會轉(zhuǎn)型期人們在隨禮中蘊含的社會交換模式的探索,試圖找出人們陷入禮金怪圈無法擺脫的深層原因,分析禮金背后的社會關系中錯綜復雜的各個層面以及探索如何回歸“禮輕人意重”的實物禮物的道路,在現(xiàn)實層面就顯得尤為迫切和必要。本文在回顧了社會交換相關理論及關于禮物饋贈的國內(nèi)外研究的基礎上,通過采用文獻和實地兩種研究方式,具體包括現(xiàn)存統(tǒng)計資料分析、半結構訪談法等,著重研究了山東一個村莊的禮金交換模式,并針對作者獲得的訪談資料進行了理論層面的探討。 本文的核心部分是對隨禮禮金社會交換模式兩個維度的深入剖析。第一個維度是從表面角度來看關于禮金的流動。筆者首先分析了外國社會的禮物交換模式,從饋贈場合和禮物形式,收禮與答謝方式,受禮者與送禮者地位關系角度闡釋。其次是我國本土社會的禮物交換模式的說明,從我國傳統(tǒng)的“禮”文化出發(fā),接著探討當代學界各個不同的角度對禮物交換模式的研究,最后對西方社會與我國社會的禮物交換模式加以比較。筆者的經(jīng)驗研究部分在本章展開,深入細致的考察S村村民日常生活中的禮物交換模式,在現(xiàn)階段的儀式性場合中主要是通過禮金的形式來流動的。從以下幾個角度探討：禮金交換模式的基本要素,禮金數(shù)額的確定及交換策略,禮金的流動對村民家庭生活的影響等；最后筆者選擇了一個有代表性的農(nóng)村家庭做個案研究,分析一個家庭的禮金往來圖,從家庭社會生命周期角度,剖析一個家庭從投入禮金交換圈到退出圈子的整個過程,目的在于探索代際與代內(nèi)的禮金往來對一個家庭的影響。第二個維度是隨禮禮金背后的社會關系。本文分別從禮金背后的人情圈的維系與拓展；禮金背后的社會結構；禮金交換過程中的權力三個層次,由微觀向宏觀展開論述并加以延伸。首先,筆者闡述了人情圈的含義,從維護既定的熟人關系圈和拓展陌生人關系兩方面來說明如何通過禮金的流動來維系與拓展禮金背后的人情圈。其次,筆者從關系網(wǎng)絡角度介入,通過呈現(xiàn)一個家庭儀式性場合的關系網(wǎng)絡的結構布局圖和一個村民的城鄉(xiāng)交往結構圖來說明禮金背后的社會結構因素。第三,筆者討論了禮金流動過程中的不平衡,以及產(chǎn)生這種不平衡的深層原因是權力因素,在禮金交換的背后權力是如何運作的,社會轉(zhuǎn)型期出現(xiàn)的新變化,即S村村干部的權力是下降的。 最后,筆者得出了結論,目前農(nóng)村社區(qū)中流動家庭與半流動家庭的禮金流動圈子呈擴大趨勢,并且禮金的工具性作用明顯,現(xiàn)代的“差序格局”逐步成形,禮金在這種流動過程中出現(xiàn)了新功能。同時,由于禮金取代了禮物,在隨禮行為中,市場交換逐漸取代社會交換,經(jīng)濟理性算計滲入到傳統(tǒng)的社會交換中并產(chǎn)生重大影響。在進一步的討論中,筆者從人情、互惠與經(jīng)濟理性視角出發(fā)總結了村民隨禮行為的深刻動機,并且深入思考了隨禮行為的社會理性選擇,試圖探討走向“純粹禮物”交換的意義與實現(xiàn)路徑。在文章的最后,筆者反思了在研究過程中的收獲與不足以及要努力的方向。
[Abstract]:As a common social fact, gifts and their corresponding behavior are one of the important issues of social and anthropological concern. In the life of the rural community, ritual behavior is the most frequently discussed topic. With the development of the society, the change of the gift to the money and gold and the gift of the gift in the ceremonial occasion. According to the absolute dominant position, the flow of gift money has attracted the attention of the economic significance of the behavior of gift taking in social exchange.
In this paper, the author draws on the theoretical achievements of some scholars, tries to analyze the basic mode of the local ceremony and gold exchange through the investigation and study of the current situation in a rural area in Shandong, analyzes the exchange of the gift and gold in the family, and probes into the aspects of the social relations behind the ceremony and gold, and tries to exchange the gift and gold. Social facts have been interpreted from microcosmic to macroscopic. Since the reform and opening up, there have been profound changes in every level of our society. Economic interests become the center of social value. Material interests become an important driving force for people to act. So the complex interpersonal relationship is based on the interests. The society is transformed from political orientation to economy. The orientation, arousing people's desire for material, the rational calculation of people's pragmatic spirit and interest pursuit, is intended to find out the deep reasons that people can't get rid of the rites and gold circles, and analyze the social customs behind the ceremony and gold. On the basis of reviewing the related theories of social exchange and the domestic and foreign research on gift giving, this paper makes a specific package of two kinds of research methods on the basis of literature and field. This paper, including the analysis of the existing statistical data and the semi structure interview, focuses on the study of the exchange pattern of the ceremony and gold of a village in Shandong, and discusses the theoretical level of the interview data obtained by the author.
The core part of this paper is an in-depth analysis of the two dimensions of the social exchange pattern of ritual gold and gold. The first dimension is from the surface perspective on the flow of gift and gold. First, the author analyzes the exchange pattern of gifts from foreign societies, from the gift and gift form, the reception and answer formula, the status of the recipient and the gift giver. Secondly, the explanation of the gift exchange mode of our native society, from the traditional "gift" culture of our country, then discuss the study of the gift exchange mode from different angles of the contemporary academic circles, and finally compare the gift exchange mode between the western society and the society in our country. The gift exchange model in the daily life of the villagers in S village is mainly used to flow through the form of rites and gold at the present stage. From the following points of view, the basic elements of the exchange of rites and gold patterns, the determination of the amount of rites and gold and the exchange strategy, the influence of the flow of rites and gold on the family life of the villagers, etc. A representative rural family is selected as a case study to analyze a family's ritual and gold diagram, from the perspective of family social life cycle, to analyze the whole process of a family from the exchange of gifts and gold exchanges to the withdrawal of the circle. The purpose is to explore the influence of the intergenerational and intergenerational gifts to a family. The second dimensions are ritual. The social relations behind the gift and gold. This article, respectively, from the maintenance and expansion of the human circle behind the ceremony and the gold, the social structure behind the ceremony and the gold, the three levels of power in the exchange process of the ceremony and gold, from the microcosmic to the macro expansion. First, the author expounds the meaning of the human circle, from the maintenance of the established acquaintance circle and the expansion of strangers. The relationship between the two aspects is to explain how to maintain and expand the circle of human feelings behind the ceremony of rites. Secondly, the author, from the perspective of the relationship network, shows the structural layout of the relationship network of a family ritual situation and the urban and rural communication structure of a villager to explain the social structural factors behind the rites and gold. Third, the pen. The imbalances in the flow process of the ceremony and gold are discussed, and the deep reasons for this imbalance are the power factors, how the power is operated behind the exchange of gold and the gold, and the new changes in the period of social transformation, that is, the power of the village cadres in S is declining.
Finally, the author draws a conclusion that the current circle of mobile and semi mobile families in rural communities is expanding, and the instrumental role of the rites and gold is obvious, the modern "difference pattern" is gradually formed, and the gift and gold have new functions in this flow process. The market exchange has gradually replaced the social exchange, and the economic rational calculation has penetrated into the traditional social exchange and has a great influence. In the further discussion, the author from the perspective of human, reciprocity and economic rationality summarizes the profound motives of the villagers' behavior of ritual, and deeply thinks about the social rational choice of the act of ritual, and tries to explore the way to walk. At the end of the article, the author reflects on the gains and shortcomings in the research process and the direction to strive for.
【學位授予單位】：東北財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：C912.3

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