本文選題：社會(huì)管理 + 社會(huì)管理體制��； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：新中國成立后,我國確立了高度集權(quán)的計(jì)劃體制,通過計(jì)劃手段實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)社會(huì)生活的管理。改革開放以來,尤其是上世紀(jì)90年代以來,我國社會(huì)進(jìn)入了快速的轉(zhuǎn)型期,經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革促成了一個(gè)具有相對(duì)自主性社會(huì)的形成,社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了激烈、深刻、持續(xù)的分化,社會(huì)利益主體和利益需求多元化,社會(huì)異質(zhì)性和不平等程度增強(qiáng),社會(huì)矛盾與社會(huì)沖突增多。然而,我國現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)管理體制是建立在傳統(tǒng)行政一元化基礎(chǔ)之上,對(duì)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)管理體制存在很強(qiáng)的路徑依賴,缺乏足夠的彈性應(yīng)付復(fù)雜多變的社會(huì)環(huán)境。因此,如何通過社會(huì)管理體制創(chuàng)新和政府職能改革,對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)行有效的管理,調(diào)節(jié)紛繁復(fù)雜的社會(huì)生活,保持良好的社會(huì)秩序和生機(jī)勃勃的社會(huì)力量之間的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,成為新時(shí)期我國面臨的一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略性課題。學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)我國的社會(huì)管理體制缺乏系統(tǒng)而深入的反思和研究,有鑒于此,本文以我國城市社會(huì)管理體制為研究對(duì)象,以“國家-社會(huì)”關(guān)系為分析視角,通過對(duì)我國城市社會(huì)管理體制演變歷程的回顧與反思,深刻剖析我國城市社會(huì)管理體制演變的動(dòng)力機(jī)制、發(fā)展趨勢,在此基礎(chǔ)上分析我國社會(huì)管理體制改革和創(chuàng)新的現(xiàn)實(shí)障礙以及可行路徑。 本文研究的問題是城市社會(huì)管理體制的演變,但在歷史的梳理之上,筆者更為關(guān)注這一演變背后的規(guī)律性和制約因素,并期望能給予理論上的說明,為新時(shí)期社會(huì)管理體制的改革和創(chuàng)新提供可行性路徑。錢穆認(rèn)為：“研究制度,不該從制度本身來看,而該會(huì)通著與此制度相關(guān)之一切史實(shí)來研究�！蔽覈鞘猩鐣�(huì)管理體制,雖然只是社會(huì)體制中的一種形式,但是它的演變與發(fā)展是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展的反映。不同的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)形勢,對(duì)社會(huì)管理體制產(chǎn)生很大的影響。我國的社會(huì)管理體制,是在社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型這一宏觀背景下不斷地演進(jìn)和發(fā)展。改革開放前,我國行政一元化的社會(huì)管理體制是建立在國家一元化社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之上的。改革開放后,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展,我國社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)逐步分化,但是分化并不等于對(duì)立。相反,“國家-社會(huì)”之間的交往與合作日益頻繁、密切,這深刻影響我國社會(huì)管理體制的演變和發(fā)展。因此,以“國家-社會(huì)”關(guān)系變遷為分析視角,為分析我國建國以來城市社會(huì)管理體制演變提供的基本分析路線,也為我國城市社會(huì)管理體制改革和創(chuàng)新提供了基本的路徑。 我們必須對(duì)社會(huì)管理體制進(jìn)行深層次的反思,才能看清社會(huì)管理體制的發(fā)展趨勢,才能分辨出在我國現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)管理體制中蘊(yùn)藏著多少動(dòng)能和攜帶著哪些阻力,才能為社會(huì)管理體制的改革和創(chuàng)新提供可行的發(fā)展路徑。因此,對(duì)我國城市社會(huì)管理體制演變歷程的回顧是正確認(rèn)識(shí)這些問題的關(guān)鍵。建國后,我國的社會(huì)管理體制經(jīng)歷了行政一元化社會(huì)管理體制、行政一元化社會(huì)管理體制的松動(dòng)和日漸式微、治理多元化社會(huì)管理體制三個(gè)不同的發(fā)展階段,每個(gè)發(fā)展階段,我國社會(huì)管理體制體現(xiàn)不同的特征。其中,行政一元化社會(huì)管理體制是改革前我國社會(huì)管理體制的主要形態(tài),這種管理體制以中央高度集權(quán)為前提、政府全能為主要特征,通過科層化的組織體系、自上而下的運(yùn)行機(jī)制以及全能的社會(huì)管理功能實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)社會(huì)全方位的管理和控制。這種管理體制帶有濃厚的計(jì)劃色彩和價(jià)值取向,使之后的社會(huì)管理體制對(duì)之產(chǎn)生極大的路徑依賴。改革開放后,隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的不斷深入和社會(huì)的發(fā)展,社會(huì)利益主體的多元化以及各種社會(huì)問題的出現(xiàn),國家全能的形象不斷受到質(zhì)疑,國家也不斷分權(quán)、放權(quán),以適應(yīng)日益復(fù)雜的社會(huì)形勢。我國社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)也逐步由國家一元化向“國家、市場、社會(huì)”三元過渡,傳統(tǒng)行政一元化的社會(huì)管理體制逐步失去存在的土壤,而不斷松動(dòng)。因此,這一時(shí)期我國社會(huì)管理體制處于轉(zhuǎn)軌期,新舊體制碰撞、沖突、融合。在這一過程中,舊的體制逐步消退,新的體制逐步發(fā)揮作用,這也為現(xiàn)階段我國治理多元化的社會(huì)管理體制的制度化構(gòu)建和實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新提供了基礎(chǔ)。總之,這一時(shí)期我國傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)管理體制的松動(dòng)以政府分權(quán)放權(quán)為前提、以放松管制為主要特征,通過社會(huì)管理組織體系和運(yùn)行機(jī)制的適應(yīng)性調(diào)整,實(shí)現(xiàn)國家對(duì)社會(huì)的管理與服務(wù)以及社會(huì)的自我管理與服務(wù)。新時(shí)期,我國社會(huì)管理體制逐步向治理多元化的方向發(fā)展,這種管理體制以社會(huì)主體的地位凸顯為前提、以“國家、市場、社會(huì)”的多元互動(dòng)為特征,通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的組織體系,綜合運(yùn)用行政機(jī)制、市場機(jī)制以及社會(huì)自治機(jī)制等手段,實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)的管理和服務(wù)。我國現(xiàn)階段倡導(dǎo)的“黨委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、政府負(fù)責(zé)、社會(huì)協(xié)同、公眾參與”的社會(huì)管理格局為這一時(shí)期我國社會(huì)管理體制改革和創(chuàng)新提供了方向指導(dǎo)。 不同時(shí)期之所以出現(xiàn)不同的社會(huì)管理體制模式,與推動(dòng)社會(huì)管理體制變遷的各種動(dòng)力因素以及他們之間的相互關(guān)系密切相關(guān),這就是社會(huì)管理體制演變的動(dòng)力機(jī)制,對(duì)社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制的分析是我們深刻把握社會(huì)管理體制演變規(guī)律,促進(jìn)社會(huì)管理體制改革和創(chuàng)新的重要前提。社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制,是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)運(yùn)行體系,主要包括社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制的結(jié)構(gòu)要素、社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制變遷的歷史進(jìn)程以及社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制變遷的客觀規(guī)律。社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制的結(jié)構(gòu)要素主要包括：社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制的價(jià)值形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素、理論形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素、實(shí)踐形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素以及主體形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素。價(jià)值形態(tài)作為導(dǎo)向性因素、理論形態(tài)作為指導(dǎo)性因素、實(shí)踐形態(tài)作為訴求性因素、主體形態(tài)作為推動(dòng)性因素,在社會(huì)管理體制演變的歷程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。其中,價(jià)值形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素主要包括體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)治理發(fā)展的三種形態(tài)即：以“秩序穩(wěn)定”的核心的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向、以“公平效率”為核心的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向以及以“公平正義”為核心的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向；社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制的理論形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素主要包括對(duì)我國社會(huì)管理體制演變?nèi)ブ匾苿?dòng)作用的“集權(quán)與分權(quán)”理論以及“多中心治理”理論；社會(huì)管理體制演變機(jī)制的實(shí)踐形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素受制于我國現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中利益主體和利益需求多元化的實(shí)踐訴求,以及我國現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中社會(huì)穩(wěn)定與社會(huì)和諧的現(xiàn)實(shí)訴求；社會(huì)管理體制演變機(jī)制中主體形態(tài)構(gòu)成要素主要包括國家(政府組織)、市場(市場組織)和社會(huì)(社會(huì)組織和公民個(gè)人)。建國以來我國社會(huì)管理體制演變動(dòng)力機(jī)制的演進(jìn)階段主要分為三個(gè)階段即以秩序穩(wěn)定為導(dǎo)向的國家一元化推進(jìn)階段、以效率公平為導(dǎo)向的國家-市場合力推動(dòng)階段和以公平正義為導(dǎo)向的國家-市場-社會(huì)多元推動(dòng)階段。每種動(dòng)力因素在社會(huì)管理體制發(fā)展的不同的階段作用的力度和發(fā)揮的作用不同,社會(huì)管理體制之所以在不同的階段呈現(xiàn)不同的特征是各種因素綜合作用的結(jié)果,在社會(huì)管理體制模式轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻常常會(huì)因?yàn)槟骋涣α康陌l(fā)育不足而出現(xiàn)模式轉(zhuǎn)換困境。在我國,社會(huì)力量發(fā)育不足,要構(gòu)建治理多元化的體制,就要大力發(fā)育社會(huì)力量和社會(huì)組織,推動(dòng)社會(huì)管理體制的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展。 縱觀我國社會(huì)管理體制60多年的演變歷程,我國社會(huì)管理體制演變有其獨(dú)特的發(fā)展歷程并呈現(xiàn)典型的規(guī)律性特征。總的來說,我國社會(huì)管理體制的演變遵循了從統(tǒng)治到治理、從集權(quán)到分權(quán)、從管理到服務(wù)的演變路線。而從人類歷史發(fā)展社會(huì)形態(tài)來看,人類社會(huì)經(jīng)歷了農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)、工業(yè)社會(huì)和后工業(yè)社會(huì),與此相對(duì)應(yīng)的是統(tǒng)治型社會(huì)治理模式、管理型社會(huì)治理模式和服務(wù)型社會(huì)治理模式,而不同社會(huì)治理模式之間的差異背后體現(xiàn)了國家-社會(huì)關(guān)系的變化。從國家與社會(huì)關(guān)系分析,社會(huì)管理可以分為：無主地社會(huì)管理模式、國家控制社會(huì)模式、社會(huì)參與國家模式、國家社會(huì)合作模式、國家社會(huì)共生模式以及社會(huì)自治模式。我國現(xiàn)所現(xiàn)階段構(gòu)建的“黨委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、政府負(fù)責(zé)、社會(huì)協(xié)同、公眾參與”的社會(huì)管理模式屬于社會(huì)參與國家模式,這種模式具有明顯的不足,但是我國社會(huì)管理體制的發(fā)展是要在這種模式的發(fā)展進(jìn)步中,實(shí)現(xiàn)國家-市場-社會(huì)的合作共生,實(shí)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)國家和強(qiáng)社會(huì)。我國現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)管理體制改革,是在強(qiáng)國家-弱社會(huì)的情況下進(jìn)行的,因此要實(shí)現(xiàn)國家-社會(huì)的合作共治需要一定的條件,要不斷轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能、構(gòu)建國家、市場、社會(huì)之間的溝通機(jī)制、構(gòu)建合作互動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等,在市場互動(dòng)中實(shí)現(xiàn)國家與社會(huì)的有機(jī)結(jié)合以及多元合作伙伴關(guān)系的生成。 深刻認(rèn)識(shí)我國社會(huì)管理體制動(dòng)力機(jī)制和發(fā)展趨勢,有助于新時(shí)期我國社會(huì)管理體制改革理論和實(shí)踐的深入,但是,影響我國社會(huì)管理體制創(chuàng)新的因素很多,如傳統(tǒng)的社會(huì)管理思想和觀念的影響、傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)管理體制的慣性依賴、我國當(dāng)前社會(huì)管理體制機(jī)制不完善、社會(huì)管理中社會(huì)力量實(shí)質(zhì)性參與不足等等,這些既是我國社會(huì)管理體制演進(jìn)的體制性障礙,也是我國社會(huì)管理體制創(chuàng)新的思想觀念的阻力。基于對(duì)建國以來我國社會(huì)管理體制的剖析,文章認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)階段要推進(jìn)我國社會(huì)管理向現(xiàn)代治理多元化的制度性構(gòu)建,必須在正確認(rèn)識(shí)“國家、社會(huì)”關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能、深化管理體制改革,培育社會(huì)力量、增強(qiáng)社會(huì)自治能力,構(gòu)建多元合作治理網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of new China, China has established a highly centralized system of planning and the management of social life through planned means. Since the reform and opening up, especially since the 90s of the last century, our society has entered a rapid transition period. The reform of the economic system has contributed to the formation of a society with a phase to autonomy and a social structure. Strong, profound and continuous differentiation, the diversity of social interests and interests, the enhancement of social heterogeneity and inequality, and the increase of social conflicts and social conflicts. However, the current social management system in China is based on the traditional administrative monism, and has a strong path dependence on the traditional social management system and lacks enough. Therefore, how to manage the society effectively, regulate the complex social life, maintain a good social order and the dynamic balance of social strength through the innovation of social management system and the reform of government functions, and become a strategy facing China in the new period. The academic circles lack systematic and in-depth reflection and Research on the social management system of our country. In view of this, this article takes the urban social management system of our country as the research object, and takes the "state society" relationship as the analysis angle of view, and deeply analyzes the urban society of our country through the retrospect and Reflection on the evolution history of the urban social management system in our country. Based on the analysis of the dynamic mechanism and development trend of the management system evolution, the realistic obstacles and feasible paths of China's social management system reform and innovation are analyzed.
The problem of this paper is the evolution of the urban social management system, but on the basis of history, the author pays more attention to the regularity and constraints behind this evolution, and expects to give a theoretical explanation to provide a feasible path for the reform and innovation of the social management system in the new period. "The research system should not be derived from the research system," Qian Muwei said. According to the system itself, it will study all the historical facts related to the system. "Although the social management system in China is only a form of the social system, its evolution and development are the reflection of the political, economic and social development. Different political, economic and social situations have a great influence on the social management system." The social management system of our country is constantly evolving and developing under the macro background of social transformation. Before the reform and opening up, our country's administrative unified social management system is based on the national unified social structure. After the reform and opening up, with the development of the economy and society, the social structure of our country has gradually divided, but the differentiation is not good. On the contrary, the exchanges and cooperation between state and society are increasingly frequent and close, which profoundly affects the evolution and development of the social management system in China. Therefore, the basic analytical line for the analysis of the evolution of the urban social management system since the founding of China has been analyzed with the change of "state society" relationship as an analytical perspective, and it is also the city of our country. Urban social management system reform and innovation provides a basic path.
We must make a deep reflection on the social management system in order to see the development trend of the social management system, and to distinguish how many kinetic energy and resistance are contained in the current social management system in our country, so as to provide a feasible development path for the reform and innovation of the social management system. The review of the evolution process of the social management system is the key to the correct understanding of these problems. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the social management system of our country experienced the administrative system of the unified social management, the loosening and declining of the administrative system of social management, the three different stages of development, and each stage of development. The social management system of the country embodies different characteristics. Among them, the administrative monies of social management system is the main form of our social management system before the reform. This management system is based on the high centralization of the central authority, the main feature of the government, the organizational system of bureaucracy, the top-down operation mechanism and the omnipotent social management. The function realizes the overall management and control of the whole society. This management system has a strong plan color and value orientation, which makes the post social management system have a great path dependence. After the reform and opening up, with the continuous deepening of the reform of the economic system and the development of the society, the diversity of the social interests and various kinds of subjects. The appearance of social problems, the image of the national omnipotence constantly questioned, the state is also constantly decentralization and decentralization, in order to adapt to the increasingly complex social situation. China's social structure also gradually from the state to the "state, market, society" three yuan transition, the traditional administrative unified social management system gradually lost the existence of the soil, and constantly loose. Therefore, in this period, the social management system in China is in the transition period, the new and old systems collide, conflict and merge. In this process, the old system gradually subsided and the new system played a role gradually. This also provided the basis for the institutionalized construction and practice innovation of our country's diversified social management system at the present stage. In a word, this period is the basis. The loosening of the traditional social management system in our country is based on the government decentralization and decentralization, taking the deregulation as the main feature and adjusting the social management and service as well as the self management and service of the society through the adjustment of the social management organization system and the operational mechanism. The new time period, the social management system of our country gradually diversities to the governance. In the direction of the development, this management system takes the status of the social subject as the precondition, and is characterized by the multi interaction of "state, market and society". Through the network organization system, the management and service of the society are realized by means of the administrative mechanism, the market mechanism and the social self-government mechanism. The social management pattern of guidance, government responsibility, social coordination and public participation provides guidance for the reform and innovation of China's social management system in this period.
The different social management system patterns in different periods are closely related to the various dynamic factors that promote the change of social management system and their relations. This is the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the social management system. The analysis of the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the social management system is that we have a deep grasp of the social management system. The evolution of the social management system is an important prerequisite for the reform and innovation of the social management system. The dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the social management system is a dynamic system of the complex system. It mainly includes the structural elements of the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the social management system, the historical process of the evolution of the power system of the social management system and the evolution of the social management system. The objective law of the dynamic mechanism changes. The structural elements of the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the social management system mainly include: the elements of the value form, the elements of the theoretical form, the elements of the form of practice and the elements of the form of the subject, the form of value as the guiding factor, the form of theory as the point of reference. In the course of the evolution of the social management system, the leading factor and the practice form as the appealing factor and the subject form play an important role in the evolution of the social management system. Among them, the elements of the form of value form mainly include the three forms that reflect the development of human social governance, namely, the value orientation of the core of "order stability", and "fair" The value orientation of efficiency as the core and the value orientation at the core of "fairness and justice"; the elements of the theoretical form of the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the social management system mainly include the theory of "centralization and decentralization" and the theory of "multi center governance", which are important to the evolution of the social management system of our country, and the theory of "multi center governance"; The elements of the practical form of the system of evolution are subject to the practical demands of the diversification of interests and interests in the process of China's modernization, as well as the realistic demands of social stability and social harmony in the process of China's modernization; the main elements of the main body form in the evolution mechanism of the social management system include the state (government organization) and the market. Market organization) and Society (social organization and individual). The evolution stage of our country's social management system has been divided into three stages since the founding of the people's Republic of China. The dynamics and functions of each dynamic factor in the different stages of the development of social management system are different. The different characteristics of the social management system in different stages are the result of the comprehensive effect of various factors, and the key moment in the transformation of the social management system pattern is often caused by the social management system. In our country, in order to build a diversified system, we should vigorously develop social forces and social organizations, and promote the innovation and development of the social management system in China.
Looking at the evolution of China's social management system for more than 60 years, the evolution of our social management system has its own unique development course and presents typical regular characteristics. In general, the evolution of our social management system follows the evolution from rule to governance, from centralization to decentralization, from management to service, and from the human history development society. According to the form, the human society has experienced the agricultural society, the industrial society and the post industrial society, which corresponds to the governing model of social governance, the management mode of social governance and the service type social governance model, while the differences between the different social governance patterns reflect the change of state social relations. Analysis, social management can be divided into: non principal social management mode, state controlled social model, social participation state model, national social cooperation model, national social symbiosis model and social autonomy model. The social management model of "Party leadership, government responsibility, social coordination and public participation" is the present stage of China's construction. This model has obvious deficiencies in the social participation in the state model, but the development of our social management system is to realize the cooperation and symbiosis of the state market society and the strong state and the strong society in the development and progress of this model. The current reform of our social management system is carried out under the circumstances of strong state and weak society. Therefore, it is necessary to realize the cooperation and co governance of the state and society. It is necessary to change the functions of the government, construct the communication mechanism between the state, the market and the society, construct the cooperative interaction network, and realize the organic combination of the state and the society in the market interaction and the formation of the multiple cooperative partnership.
A profound understanding of the dynamic mechanism and development trend of China's social management system will contribute to the deepening of the theory and practice of the reform of our social management system in the new period. However, there are many factors affecting the innovation of our social management system, such as the influence of traditional social management ideas and ideas, the inertia of the traditional social management system, and the current China. The institutional mechanism of the social management is not perfect, the social forces in the social management are insufficient to participate in the substantive participation and so on. These are both institutional obstacles to the evolution of our social management system and the resistance to the ideas of the innovation of the social management system in our country. Based on the analysis of the social management system in China since the founding of the people's Republic, the article holds that the present stage should be promoted. It is necessary to transform government functions on the basis of correctly understanding the relationship between "state and society", deepen the reform of management system, cultivate social power, strengthen the ability of social autonomy and build a multi cooperative governance network.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：C912.81

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