本文選題：建國(guó)后 + 客家　； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：客家地區(qū)主要指贛閩粵邊的客家聚居地區(qū)。客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)與全國(guó)其他農(nóng)村地區(qū)相比,既有共性,又有其特殊性。客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)在社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的演變是建國(guó)后全國(guó)農(nóng)村地區(qū)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)演變的一個(gè)縮影。傳統(tǒng)客家農(nóng)村的宗祠理事(族長(zhǎng))身兼文士、地主、儀式主持等數(shù)重身份,在族產(chǎn)的存在、族規(guī)的制定與實(shí)施、政府和宗族的合作等因素的共同作用下,族長(zhǎng)們掌握著農(nóng)村的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化等方面的話語(yǔ)權(quán),并對(duì)農(nóng)村地區(qū)實(shí)施其教化的權(quán)力,在農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)資源極為匱乏的情況下維持著鄉(xiāng)村社會(huì)的平衡。建國(guó)后,隨著土地改革運(yùn)動(dòng)、人民公社化運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起,宗族的族產(chǎn)被剝奪,政府加強(qiáng)了對(duì)農(nóng)村地區(qū)的控制,壓縮了宗族組織在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的活動(dòng)空間,"文革"期間,原先的族長(zhǎng)們被劃入"五類"份子而遭到批斗,大量族譜資料被焚毀,宗族活動(dòng)一時(shí)間銷聲匿跡。而這一時(shí)期,政府對(duì)農(nóng)村的控制力則通過(guò)土改運(yùn)動(dòng)、農(nóng)村公社化、農(nóng)村各式組織的建立等措施不斷得到強(qiáng)化。這一時(shí)期是客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)宗族勢(shì)力不斷被打壓、宗族活動(dòng)空間不斷壓縮,而政府對(duì)農(nóng)村的控制力不斷強(qiáng)化的階段。改革開(kāi)放后,農(nóng)村地區(qū)實(shí)行家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)責(zé)任承包制,人民公社制度瓦解。小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)一度復(fù)蘇,政府對(duì)農(nóng)村的控制隨著人民公社的解體而大大放松。宗族組織在小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇、政府對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村控制力度的放松、宗族殘存勢(shì)力的存在等因素的共同作用下復(fù)興,宗族活動(dòng)逐漸增多,但同時(shí),宗族組織在新時(shí)期的復(fù)興也表現(xiàn)出一些不同于傳統(tǒng)宗族的特點(diǎn)。改革開(kāi)放后,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)一些商人開(kāi)始發(fā)家致富,這些人取得經(jīng)濟(jì)上的成功后開(kāi)始參與到農(nóng)村社會(huì)的管理中。商人們逐漸加大在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的話語(yǔ)權(quán),影響到農(nóng)村的經(jīng)濟(jì),同時(shí)也影響到了農(nóng)村地區(qū)的風(fēng)氣,他們的地位逐漸凌駕于農(nóng)村的宗族族長(zhǎng)之上。而在傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村雖然也有商人的影響,但這些商人并不掌握農(nóng)村的主導(dǎo)權(quán),掌握主導(dǎo)權(quán)的是行禮儀教化的宗族族長(zhǎng)們。商人們給農(nóng)村帶來(lái)了資源,但資源不等于價(jià)值,資源流向之處并不一定能產(chǎn)生有益的價(jià)值。資源的流向與價(jià)值不一致時(shí)便會(huì)產(chǎn)生割裂。資源是必須品,價(jià)值才是最終目的�？图覌D女一直是客家社會(huì)研究的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn),客家婦女地位的變化是觀察客家社會(huì)變化的一面鏡子。傳統(tǒng)客家社會(huì)中,在宗族文化、社會(huì)生產(chǎn)等因素的作用下,客家婦女在家庭中有著較高地位的同時(shí),在社會(huì)上的地位卻較低。建國(guó)后,由于《婚姻法》等法律政策的頒布,客家農(nóng)村婦女的地位一度得到提高;改革開(kāi)放后,在計(jì)劃生育的高壓政策和傳統(tǒng)生育觀念的共同作用下,客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)一度出現(xiàn)了十分嚴(yán)重的棄嬰潮,女性的社會(huì)地位再度遭受實(shí)質(zhì)性的破壞;隨著計(jì)劃生育政策的逐步放寬,客家婦女參加到社會(huì)工作中,其社會(huì)地位才得到真正的保障和提升。改革開(kāi)放后的客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)擺脫了落后的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式,擺脫了傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)村一直面臨的生存危機(jī)問(wèn)題。伴隨著物質(zhì)水平的不斷提高,客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)也出現(xiàn)了各種社會(huì)問(wèn)題,舊有的社會(huì)秩序已經(jīng)打破,新的秩序尚未形成,客家農(nóng)村地區(qū)面臨著文化、觀念上的轉(zhuǎn)型問(wèn)題。經(jīng)過(guò)歷代先人的努力,客家人在社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力水平較低的情況下維持了鄉(xiāng)村社會(huì)的平衡,現(xiàn)代客家人在轉(zhuǎn)型期時(shí)面臨著生產(chǎn)方式、社會(huì)變化所帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn),如何在轉(zhuǎn)型期中實(shí)現(xiàn)新的社會(huì)平衡,是現(xiàn)代客家農(nóng)村乃至全國(guó)農(nóng)村地區(qū)都需要解決的問(wèn)題。
[Abstract]:Hakka areas mainly refer to the Hakka areas of the border between Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. The Hakka rural areas have both commonness and particularity compared with other rural areas in the country. The evolution of the social structure in the Hakka rural areas is a miniature of the evolution of the social structure in the rural areas after the founding of the people's Republic. The landlords, ceremonial preside and other heavy identities, under the common action of the existence of the ethnic production, the formulation and implementation of the clan rules and the cooperation of the government and the clan, the clan chiefs have the right to speak in the rural economic, political, cultural and other aspects, and carry out their power to educate the rural areas, and maintain the power of the rural areas under the extremely scarce resources of the agricultural society. The balance of rural society. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, with the movement of land reform, the rise of the people's commune movement and the deprivation of clan production, the government strengthened the control of the rural areas and compressed the activity space of the clan organization in the rural areas. During the "Cultural Revolution", the former chiefs were divided into the "five categories" and were criticized, and a large number of genealogical data were recorded. In this period, the government's control of the rural areas has been strengthened through the soil reform movement, the rural commune and the establishment of various rural organizations. This period was the constant pressure of the traditional clan forces in the Hakka rural areas, the continuous compression of the space of the clan activities, and the government's control of the rural areas. After the reform and opening up, the rural areas implemented the responsibility contract system of family joint production and the disintegration of the people's commune system. The small farmers had once recovered, and the government's control of the rural areas was greatly relaxed with the disintegration of the people's commune. The clan organization was in the recovery of the small peasant economy, the government relaxed the control of the countryside and the remnants of the clan. At the same time, the rejuvenation of the clan organization in the new period also showed some characteristics different from the traditional clan. After the reform and opening up, some businessmen in the Hakka rural areas began to become rich, and these people began to participate in the economic success and began to participate in the economic development. In the management of the rural society, the businessmen gradually increase the discourse power in the rural areas, affect the rural economy, and affect the customs of the rural areas. Their status is gradually above the patriarchal clan leader in the rural areas. While in the traditional rural areas, although there are also the influence of businessmen, these businessmen do not grasp the dominant power of the rural areas. The dominant is the clansmen and clan chiefs of etiquette and etiquette. Businessmen bring resources to the countryside, but resources are not equal to value. The flow of resources does not necessarily produce useful value. The flow of resources is disintegrated with value. Resources are necessary, value is the ultimate goal. Hakka women have always been Hakka social research. A hot spot, the change in the status of Hakka women is a mirror to observe the social change of the Hakka. In the traditional Hakka society, the Hakka women have a higher status in the family and lower their status in the society under the influence of the clan culture and social production. The status of the rural women has been improved. After the reform and opening up, under the joint effect of the high pressure policy of family planning and the traditional concept of fertility, the Hakka rural areas had a very serious abandoned baby tide in the rural areas, and the social status of the women suffered substantial damage. With the gradual relaxation of the family planning policy, the Hakka women took part. In social work, its social status has been truly guaranteed and promoted. After the reform and opening up, the Hakka rural areas get rid of the backward agricultural production methods and get rid of the problems of the survival crisis that the traditional rural areas have been facing. With the continuous improvement of the material level, the Hakka rural areas also have various social problems and the old society. The order has been broken, the new order has not been formed, the Hakka rural areas are faced with the cultural and conceptual transformation problems. After the efforts of the previous generations, the Hakka people maintain the balance of the rural society under the low level of social productivity, and the modern Hakka people face the challenges of production and social changes during the transition period, such as the challenges of social change. How to achieve a new social balance in the transitional period is a problem that needs to be solved in modern Hakka rural areas and even in the rural areas of the whole country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K27;C912.82

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