本文選題：群際比較 + 上行比較��； 參考：《西南大學》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：群際比較指個體根據(jù)自身的群體身份在自己和他人之間進行比較,或者從整體上將內(nèi)群體與外群體進行比較。群際比較是一種普遍的社會現(xiàn)象,并且根據(jù)內(nèi)外群體的地位差異可以區(qū)分出不同的比較方向。當內(nèi)群體與某些方面表現(xiàn)較好的外群體進行比較時,就形成了上行群際比較。當內(nèi)群體與某些方面表現(xiàn)較差的外群體進行比較時,就形成了下行群際比較。不同方向的群際比較會引發(fā)各種不同的心理反應。本研究關注群際比較方向?qū)θ后w成員的調(diào)節(jié)定向的影響。調(diào)節(jié)定向理論區(qū)分了兩種自我調(diào)節(jié)導向：促進定向和預防定向。促進定向源于個體的成長需求、愿望、理想,預防定向則與個體的安全需求、責任、義務有關,這兩類定向的個體在策略使用、情緒體驗等方面表現(xiàn)出完全不同的模式。以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在地位定義維度,上行群際比較引起群體成員更高的血壓、更謹慎的策略和更高的反應準確率,下行群際比較引起群體成員更低的血壓、更急迫的策略和更高的反應速度。這些結(jié)果表明,在地位定義維度,上行群際比較激活了群體成員的預防定向,下行群際激活了促進定向。然而,當群際比較進入新領域時,群體成員的心理反應也發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。比如當群體地位等級變得不穩(wěn)定時,高地位群體成員產(chǎn)生威脅相關的生理反應增強,他們努力實現(xiàn)維持型的目標,并采取謹慎策略；而低地位群體成員由原來的威脅相關生理反應轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樘魬?zhàn)相關生理反應,他們努力實現(xiàn)發(fā)展型目標,并采取迫切策略。從自我調(diào)節(jié)角度看,這是否意味著在地位不相關維度上,群際比較誘發(fā)了不同的調(diào)節(jié)定向呢?本研究試圖對這一問題加以探討。 本研究假設在地位不相關維度上,群際比較會激活群體成員的調(diào)節(jié)定向,且上行比較激活促進定向,下行比較激活預防定向。研究者設計兩個實驗來證明該假設： 實驗一從策略角度證明群際比較方向會影響群體成員的調(diào)節(jié)定向,采用2(群際比較方向：上行vs.下行)×2(決策類型：促進型vs.預防型)的被試間研究設計。研究者以具體學校為群體單位,將排名較高的學校作為上行比較對象,排名較低的學校作為下行比較對象。另外,本實驗采用調(diào)節(jié)匹配范式來測量調(diào)節(jié)定向。被試需要在完成群際比較任務之后,以不同策略選擇并評價贈品。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),群際比較方向與決策類型有顯著的交互作用：在上行比較組,使用促進型策略的被試比使用預防型策略的被試對贈品估價更高；在下行比較組,兩種策略使用者對贈品的估價沒有差異。 實驗二從情緒角度證明群際比較方向會影響群體成員的調(diào)節(jié)定向,采用2(群際比較方向：上行vs.下行)×2(比較結(jié)果：成功vs.失敗)的被試間研究設計。群際比較方向的操作方法與實驗一相同。本實驗使用虛假反饋方法來操作群際比較結(jié)果,并測量了比較結(jié)果對不同類型情緒(高興-沮喪相關vs.放松-緊張相關)的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),群際比較方向與情緒類型存在顯著交互作用：在上行比較組,促進型情緒的變化量明顯大于預防型情緒；在下行比較組,促進型、預防型情緒的變化量沒有差異。 綜合兩個實驗的結(jié)果得到以下結(jié)論：在地位不相關維度上,群際比較中的比較方向影響群體成員的調(diào)節(jié)定向。具體來講,上行比較使群體成員產(chǎn)生明顯的促進定向,而下行比較似乎并沒有引起群體成員調(diào)節(jié)定向的差異。本研究說明個體水平之外群體水平的自我調(diào)節(jié)也是存在的,群體情境可以影響單個群體成員的調(diào)節(jié)定向。
[Abstract]:Group comparison refers to the comparison between individuals and others according to their own group identity, or the overall comparison of internal and external groups. Intergroup comparison is a common social phenomenon and can distinguish different directions according to the differences in the status of the internal and external groups. When the outside group is compared, the intergroup comparison is formed. When the internal group is compared with some other groups with poor performance, the intergroup comparison is formed. The intergroup comparison in different directions will lead to various psychological reactions. The theory of node orientation distinguishes two kinds of self-regulation orientation: promoting orientation and prevention orientation. Promoting orientation source to individual growth demand, desire, ideal, prevention orientation are related to individual security needs, responsibilities, obligations, and these two types of individuals show completely different patterns in the use of strategy, emotional experience and so on. It is found that, in the status definition dimension, the upper group comparison leads to higher blood pressure, more cautious strategy and higher response accuracy, and lower blood pressure, more urgent strategy and higher response speed. These results indicate that in the status definition dimension, the upper group is more active in group formation. However, the psychological responses of the members of the group also change when the group is compared to the new field. For example, when the group status grade becomes unstable, the threat related physiological responses of the high level group members are enhanced, and they strive to achieve the maintenance goal and take prudent policy. While the members of the low status group change from the original threat related physiological responses to the challenge related physiological responses, they strive to achieve the development goal and take urgent strategies. From the self regulation perspective, does this mean that the inter group comparison induces different adjustment orientations on the unrelated dimension of the status? This study tries to do this The problem is discussed.
This study assumes that on the unrelated dimension of status, the intergroup comparison activates the adjustment orientation of the group members, and the upward activation promotes the orientation, and the downlink activates the prevention orientation. The researchers have designed two experiments to prove the hypothesis:
Experiment one proves that the inter group direction will affect the adjustment and orientation of the group members from the strategic point of view, and uses the 2 (inter group comparison direction: uplink vs. downlink) x 2 (decision type: the promotion type vs. prevention type) in the intertrial design. The researchers take the specific school as the group unit, the ranking higher school as the upper comparison object, the lower rank is lower. In addition, the experiment uses the regulation matching paradigm to measure the adjustment orientation. The subjects need to choose and evaluate the gifts with different strategies after the group comparison task. The results show that the intergroup comparison direction has a significant interaction with the decision type: in the upper comparison group, the use of the promotion strategy is used. Compared with the preventive strategies, the evaluation of the gifts was higher; in the downlink comparison group, there was no difference between the two strategies users in valuing the gifts.
Experiment two proves that the inter group comparison direction affects the adjustment and orientation of the group members, and uses 2 (inter group comparison direction: uplink vs. downlink) x 2 (comparative results: successful vs. failure). The intergroup comparison direction is the same as the experiment one. This experiment uses false feedback to operate the intergroup comparison The effects of the comparative results on different types of mood (vs. relaxation stress correlation) were measured. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between the intergroup comparative direction and the emotional type: in the upper group, the amount of promoting emotion was significantly greater than that of the prophylactic mood; in the descending comparison group, the promoting, prophylactic mood was in the downward comparison group. There is no difference in the amount of change.
The results of the two experiments are concluded as follows: in the unrelated status dimension, the comparative direction in the intergroup comparison affects the adjustment and orientation of the group members. In particular, the uplink comparison makes the group members significantly promote orientation, while the downlink comparison does not seem to cause the difference in the orientation of the group members. Group level self-regulation also exists outside the level. Group context can affect the Regulation Orientation of individual group members.
【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：C912.6

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