本文關(guān)鍵詞： 格凸河 苗族文化 文化景觀 對(duì)比分析 世界遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值　出處：《貴州師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：世界遺產(chǎn)是在自然和文化上具有突出普遍價(jià)值的寶貴遺產(chǎn),是全人類的寶貴財(cái)富。文化景觀遺產(chǎn)于1992年在聯(lián)合國世界遺產(chǎn)大會(huì)上提出,作為一種新型的遺產(chǎn)類型,它強(qiáng)調(diào)人與自然的相互作用。由于各國對(duì)遺產(chǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)的偏差和研究程度上的差異,目前全球文化景觀遺產(chǎn)分布不均勻,文化景觀遺產(chǎn)主要集中在歐洲地區(qū)。亞洲地區(qū)的鄉(xiāng)土建筑、技術(shù)和農(nóng)業(yè)遺址為依托的持續(xù)演化景觀能夠很好的詮釋文化景觀遺產(chǎn)的演化類景觀,具有十分突出的普遍價(jià)值。而我國作為遺產(chǎn)大國,到目前為止只有5處文化景觀遺產(chǎn),這與我國悠久的歷史和豐富的民族文化是極不相稱的。因此,文化景觀遺產(chǎn)研究工作迫在眉睫。本文選取中國自然與文化雙遺產(chǎn)中的“黃果樹-屯堡景觀”作為研究區(qū),以“格凸河苗族文化景觀”作為研究對(duì)象,通過在苗族文化景觀的基礎(chǔ)研究上,采用文獻(xiàn)查閱法、專家咨詢法、實(shí)地考察法對(duì)格凸河景觀進(jìn)行研究,尋找其所具有的遺產(chǎn)特質(zhì)。登陸世界遺產(chǎn)官網(wǎng)選擇具有相似特征的遺產(chǎn)地和預(yù)備遺產(chǎn)地,以及非遺產(chǎn)地進(jìn)行全球性的對(duì)比分析,通過結(jié)合現(xiàn)階段的保護(hù)狀況研究其遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值。(1)創(chuàng)造性的將苗族文化同文化景觀概念相結(jié)合,對(duì)苗族文化景觀進(jìn)行了分類,并以紫云格凸河地區(qū)的文化景觀為案例對(duì)其世界遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值進(jìn)行了探討,找出其文化景觀特質(zhì)。格凸河地區(qū)完整的記錄了當(dāng)?shù)孛缱迦嗣竦纳顖?chǎng)景,包括語言、服飾、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗、建筑等元素,是保存完整的苗族文化景觀。在生活生產(chǎn)層面上產(chǎn)生的農(nóng)牧混合農(nóng)業(yè)、穴居村寨、徒手攀巖活動(dòng)和懸棺洞葬都與喀斯特這一自然環(huán)境息息相關(guān),是典型的喀斯特文化景觀。根據(jù)其傳統(tǒng)的村寨選址、喪葬文化結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)貜V為傳唱的《亞魯王》、《遷移歌》和砍馬習(xí)俗來看,格凸河苗族文化景觀也是遷移文化景觀。(2)通過與其他具有山地鄉(xiāng)村文化景觀、喀斯特文化景觀和遷徙文化景觀特征的遺產(chǎn)地、提名地和非遺產(chǎn)地對(duì)比,格凸河苗族文化景觀在文化背景和景觀特征上,具有唯一性和獨(dú)特性。格凸河苗族文化景觀展現(xiàn)了千百年來苗族人在喀斯特山區(qū)不間斷生活的場(chǎng)景,不同于其他山地鄉(xiāng)村景觀,從物質(zhì)文化和非物質(zhì)文化特質(zhì)上都具有很強(qiáng)烈的苗族文化特征。在對(duì)喀斯特自然環(huán)境利用上,格凸河地區(qū)的村寨布局、房屋建筑、土地資源利用方式和水資源管理上都不同于其他對(duì)比地,具有十分鮮明的地域特征。特別是在對(duì)喀斯特洞穴環(huán)境的利用上是獨(dú)一無二的,具有很高的生態(tài)價(jià)值、社會(huì)價(jià)值和文化價(jià)值。(3)格凸河苗族文化景觀是人類在喀斯特山區(qū)土地利用的杰出范例,滿足世界遺產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(v),在景觀要素上具有鮮明的苗族文化特征,滿足世界遺產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(iii),具有突出普遍價(jià)值。根據(jù)格凸河文化景觀所具有的特質(zhì)和全球?qū)Ρ确治鼋Y(jié)論,結(jié)合聯(lián)合國世界遺產(chǎn)中心《實(shí)施世界遺產(chǎn)公約操作指南》中的價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn),得出格凸河苗族文化景觀滿足世界遺產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(iii)和(v)。格凸河苗族文化景觀境內(nèi)囊括了各種類型的村寨且房屋建筑風(fēng)格多樣,充分的利用了喀斯特山區(qū)的地形和地貌特征;在水資源管理利用上廣泛的修建水井、水渠,洞穴滴水來解決喀斯特地區(qū)地表水資源短缺的自然特征;在土地資源利用上,通過巧妙的利用洞穴修建村寨、放置棺木來節(jié)約土地資源,并通過攀爬崖壁至洞中獲取動(dòng)物糞便來增強(qiáng)土壤肥力,克服了喀斯特地區(qū)土壤貧瘠的生存環(huán)境,使自己扎根在此并延續(xù)下來,很好的詮釋了世界遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(v),既可作為傳統(tǒng)的居住地和土地使用方式,代表一種獨(dú)特的文化。而當(dāng)?shù)乇４娴膽夜自帷⒍丛帷⒅┲肴送绞峙蕩r以及穴居文化本身也是一種獨(dú)特的文化傳統(tǒng),并提供了有力的見證,因此,也是符合世界遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(iii)。(4)格凸河苗族文化景觀具有較高的真實(shí)性和完整性,且具有悠久的保護(hù)歷史,根據(jù)目前面臨著發(fā)展問題、旅游壓力和傳統(tǒng)文化流失的威脅,探索性的提出保護(hù)格凸河地區(qū)自然環(huán)境、傳統(tǒng)文化和促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的建議。格凸河苗族文化景觀所在地區(qū)已經(jīng)具有的30多年的保護(hù)歷史,且范圍大致與格凸河穿洞國家級(jí)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)一致,具有國家級(jí)的保護(hù)屬性。受到國家相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的嚴(yán)格保護(hù),使其景觀要素得到較好的保存,具有較高的完整性與真實(shí)性。受到經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響,格凸河地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)村寨和傳統(tǒng)文化都受到一定的破壞,旅游活動(dòng)也給當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)環(huán)境帶來一定的壓力。因此,在今后應(yīng)當(dāng)做好格凸河地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù),提高居民經(jīng)濟(jì)收入,注重保護(hù)境內(nèi)獨(dú)特的懸棺洞葬遺跡和攀巖等傳統(tǒng)文化。
[Abstract]:The world heritage is the precious heritage of outstanding universal value in nature and culture, is the precious wealth of the world. The cultural landscape heritage proposed at the UN World Heritage conference in 1992, as a new type of heritage, it emphasizes the interaction between man and nature. Because of the difference of the heritage of the understanding deviation and the research the degree of the current global cultural landscape heritage distribution is not uniform, the cultural landscape heritage mainly concentrated in Europe. Asia continued evolution of vernacular architecture, landscape technology and agricultural sites based on the evolution of landscape can well interpret the cultural landscape heritage, has the universal value very prominent. And for our heritage country, so far only 5 cultural landscape heritage, this and our country's long history and rich ethnic culture is extremely disproportionate. Therefore, the research work of cultural landscape heritage This paper selects Chinese imminent. Natural and cultural heritage in the "Huangguoshu Waterfalls Tunpu landscape" as the study area, the Getu River Miao cultural landscape "as the research object, through the basic research in the Miao cultural landscape, using literature method, expert consultation method, on-the-spot investigation method to research the Getu River landscape look, it has the characteristics of world heritage heritage. Login official website and select the similar characteristics of the heritage and heritage reserve, as well as non heritage of global comparison, by combining the current situation of the research on protection of the heritage value. (1) the creative culture of Miao nationality with the cultural landscape concept combination of the Miao nationality culture landscape were classified, and the convex river area of Ziyun cultural landscape lattice case discusses the value of the world heritage, the cultural landscape characteristics of Getu River area complete. The record of the local Miao people's life scenes, including language, dress, customs, architecture and other elements, is to preserve the integrity of the Miao cultural landscape. In the level of production life of agriculture and animal husbandry mixed farming, cave village, free climbing activities and cliff cave burials are closely related to the natural environment of Karst, is a typical Karst cultural landscape. According to the location of the traditional village, funeral culture with local popular king < >, < > and migration song horse customs, Getu River Miao culture landscape is also the transfer of culture landscape. (2) by comparing with other mountainous rural cultural landscape, cultural landscape and cultural landscape of migration in Karst the characteristics of heritage, heritage nomination and non contrast, Getu River Miao cultural landscape in the cultural background and landscape features, is unique and distinct. Getu River Miao cultural landscape shows hundreds of Years of Miao people in the mountains of Karst uninterrupted life scene, different from other mountainous rural landscape, from the material culture and intangible cultural characteristics have very strong characteristics of Miao culture in Karst. The natural environment on the use of Getu River area of the village layout, housing construction, and management of water resources the use of land resources are different from other contrast, with regional characteristics very distinct. Especially in the use of Karst cave environment is the one and only, has very high ecological value, social value and cultural value. (3) Getu River Miao cultural landscape is an outstanding example of human land use in mountainous areas of Karst meet the world Heritage standards (V), with distinct characteristics of the Miao culture in the landscape elements, meet the world heritage standards (III), with outstanding value. According to the Getu River cultural landscape is special Conclusion the quality and global comparative analysis, combined with the standard value of UNESCO's World Heritage Centre "operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention >, particularly the convex River Miao culture landscape to meet the world heritage standards (III) and (V). Getu River Miao cultural landscape territory encompasses various types of villages and building styles that makes full use of the terrain and landscape features in Karst mountainous area; ditch in the utilization of water resources management is widely built wells, cave drip to solve natural characteristics of surface water resources shortage in Karst area; land resource utilization, through the clever use of construction of cave village, placed the coffin to save the land resources, and through climb to get to cliff cave animal manure enhanced soil fertility, overcome the living environment of poor soil in Karst area, make their own rooted in this and continued, a good interpretation of the world The standard value of World Heritage (V), which can be used as the traditional residence and land use, represents a unique culture. While the local preservation of burials, cave burials, spider man free climbing and cave culture itself is a unique cultural tradition, and provides a powerful witness, therefore, is also consistent with the standard the world heritage value (III). (4) the authenticity and integrity of the Getu River Miao cultural landscape is high, and has a long history of protection, according to the current problems facing the development of tourism, the loss of pressure and the traditional culture of the threat, put forward to protect the natural environment of Getu River area simply, and promote traditional culture the recommendations of the economic development. The protection of historical and cultural landscape of the Miao Getu River area has had more than 30 years, and the range of roughly uniform convex dative River piercing the national scenic area, the protection of property with the national level. By country Strictly related laws and regulations to protect, make the landscape elements are well preserved, the integrity and authenticity is very high. Affected by economic development, Getu River area of traditional villages and traditional culture are damaged to some extent. The tourism activities also bring some pressure to the local ecological environment. Therefore, do a good job to protect the ecological environment of Getu River area in the future should be to increase income, pay attention to the protection of the territory of the unique cliff hole burial sites and rock climbing and other traditional culture.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：貴州師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K901

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