關(guān)中山東莊移民百年史跡與生聚現(xiàn)狀研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-16 12:30
【摘要】：人口遷移是人口變遷的主要方式，也是社會(huì)變遷的基本形式之一，對(duì)國(guó)家和社會(huì)發(fā)展起著舉足輕重的作用。近代山東災(zāi)荒連年，社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩，出現(xiàn)了大規(guī)模的移民潮，成為最主要的移民遷出地。本研究選取晚清“魯人入陜”事件作為研究對(duì)象，置山東移民于遷入地——關(guān)中這一特定的區(qū)域范圍。通過(guò)田野調(diào)查，運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)考據(jù)法、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、文化學(xué)等方法，重點(diǎn)考察山東莊移民經(jīng)濟(jì)與關(guān)中經(jīng)濟(jì)的互動(dòng)關(guān)系，分析山東移民如何和關(guān)中土著居民實(shí)現(xiàn)融合，在實(shí)現(xiàn)自身經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的同時(shí)，共同推動(dòng)關(guān)中經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展。 晚清天災(zāi)人禍后，齊魯兩地的人口和耕地占有出現(xiàn)了明顯的差異，成為移民事件的最主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力。魯人入陜事件是一次自發(fā)性、有組織性并存的大規(guī)模移民行動(dòng)，政府寬松的移民政策和山東籍政府官員焦云龍的參與，進(jìn)一步加快了移民的速度和規(guī)模。移民入關(guān)中后，出于封建農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)本能逐“地”性的需要，他們沿回亂后形成的人煙稀少的關(guān)中東部長(zhǎng)帶，在三原、高陵、閻良、臨潼等區(qū)縣及渭北的富平、大荔、渭南、蒲城等縣，建立起眾多的移民村落——山東莊，初步估算而今人口已達(dá)30萬(wàn)人以上。 農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)是山東莊移民經(jīng)濟(jì)的主體。山東移民積極墾荒，興修水利，發(fā)展井灌，打破了關(guān)中地區(qū)原有的以糧棉為主的單一生產(chǎn)模式。他們引種美煙，種桑養(yǎng)蠶，擴(kuò)大植棉，種植油料作物和園藝作物，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)呈現(xiàn)多種經(jīng)營(yíng)格局。山東移民的到來(lái)，為關(guān)中地區(qū)帶來(lái)了充足勞動(dòng)力，也使關(guān)中土地更加細(xì)碎化，加快了“關(guān)中模式”的形成進(jìn)程；進(jìn)一步完善了關(guān)中地區(qū)的灌溉系統(tǒng)，重新奠定了關(guān)中地區(qū)以糧棉大省地位；對(duì)戰(zhàn)后關(guān)中農(nóng)業(yè)的快速恢復(fù)發(fā)展起到了促進(jìn)作用。 相較于農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)，山東莊的手工業(yè)和商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)處于附屬地位，是農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的有力補(bǔ)充。山東莊手工業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)是建構(gòu)在封建土地所有制和小塊土地經(jīng)營(yíng)基礎(chǔ)上的“農(nóng)工經(jīng)營(yíng)”模式，經(jīng)營(yíng)以家庭作坊為單位，主要從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工。因市場(chǎng)的狹小、資本和技術(shù)的缺乏，家庭手工業(yè)缺乏擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)的動(dòng)力，經(jīng)營(yíng)門(mén)類和經(jīng)營(yíng)方式具有狹隘性。山東莊移民的商業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)以銷售手工業(yè)產(chǎn)品為主，商品的流向和銷售渠道對(duì)農(nóng)村集市有很大的依賴性。盡管商業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模受到資本、市場(chǎng)和購(gòu)買力的限制，未能從區(qū)域上實(shí)現(xiàn)突破，從農(nóng)村進(jìn)入城市，但對(duì)以集市為中心的農(nóng)村商品市場(chǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的修復(fù)起到了很大作用，促生了關(guān)中農(nóng)村商業(yè)貿(mào)易的再度繁榮。 山東莊社會(huì)是一個(gè)由血緣和地緣構(gòu)建起來(lái)的熟人社會(huì)，村落治理依靠長(zhǎng)老統(tǒng)治和鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約約束。山東移民以謙和的退守避讓策略化解了土客之爭(zhēng)，未和關(guān)中土著在土地、水源爭(zhēng)奪中產(chǎn)生矛盾沖突，以退為進(jìn)贏得了關(guān)中人的尊敬。山東村落在關(guān)中大地依田而居，獨(dú)立成莊，呈網(wǎng)狀分布；村落選址不同于關(guān)中村落，主要因“田”（耕地）而居，較少考慮風(fēng)水因素；村落規(guī)模以地緣為核心構(gòu)建，以血緣為中心擴(kuò)展，呈“包心菜”式擴(kuò)大。早期的山東民居帶有明顯的移民符號(hào)，平原地區(qū)是山東式草棚，塬區(qū)是地坑窯，后來(lái)被逐漸同化，，民居經(jīng)失去了原有的特色，和關(guān)中民居逐步趨同。早期關(guān)中移民姻緣圈僅限于山東莊內(nèi)部，不與關(guān)中人通婚，受制于習(xí)俗和經(jīng)濟(jì)水平，婚禮和喪葬儀式也較關(guān)中人更為節(jié)儉。因獨(dú)立聚居，山東莊受外來(lái)文化侵入有限，帶有明顯移民符號(hào)的語(yǔ)言、飲食等習(xí)俗得以很好傳承。 關(guān)中地區(qū)基督教由山東移民傳入，其傳播形式異于其他，先有教民，后有傳教士和教會(huì)，移民入教者甚多。山東移民比關(guān)中村民更重視子女的文化教育，早期是私塾教育，科舉制廢除后，移民子女多在教會(huì)學(xué)校接受教育，女孩子在教會(huì)女校接受教育。教會(huì)學(xué)校的設(shè)立適應(yīng)了晚清文化變革和關(guān)中社會(huì)的需要，其完善的學(xué)科的設(shè)置和新穎的授課方法已經(jīng)具有現(xiàn)代學(xué)科教育的雛形。 三原縣大李村和徐木村兩個(gè)村落的抽樣調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示：村民普遍認(rèn)為移民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展總體優(yōu)于當(dāng)?shù)仃P(guān)中村落經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平，在與關(guān)中村落的相處中他們表示了極高的滿意度，而今在與故土的交流中，除了以血緣為基礎(chǔ)的探親訪友，更多是基于業(yè)緣的經(jīng)濟(jì)交往。山東莊移民作為近代移民史上的成功范例，其移民過(guò)程中的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)融合方式為當(dāng)代移民提供了可資借鑒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
[Abstract]:Population migration is the main way of population change and one of the basic forms of social change. It plays an important role in the development of the country and society. In recent years, the famine in Shandong, the social unrest, the mass migration tide appeared, and it became the most important emigrant. By means of fieldwork, literature examination, economics, sociology and culture, this paper focuses on the interaction relationship between the immigration economy of Shandong Zhuang Autonomous Region and the economy of Guanzhong, and analyzes how the immigrants of Shandong and Guanzhong indigenous people integrate and realize their own economic development through field investigation and methods of literature examination, economics, sociology and culture. At the same time, we will jointly promote the economic and social recovery and development in Guanzhong.
After the late Qing Dynasty and the natural and man-made disasters, the population and the possession of cultivated land in Qilu appeared obvious difference and became the main driving force of the immigrant incident. The incident of Lu people into Shaanxi was a spontaneous, organized and large-scale immigrant action. The government's loose immigration policy and the participation of Jiao Yunlong, the official of the government of Shandong, further accelerated the immigration. At the speed and scale of the immigration, after the immigrated into the Guanzhong, out of the needs of the "ground" nature of the feudal agricultural and social instincts, they formed a long and sparsely populated Guanzhong belt along the back of the chaos. In Sanyuan, Gaoling, Yanliang, Lintong and other counties and Fuping, Dali, Weinan, Pucheng, and other counties of the Weibei Province, a large number of immigrants villages, Shandong Zhuang, were established, initially estimated. Now the population has reached more than 300 thousand people.
The agricultural economy is the main body of the immigration economy of Shandong Zhuang. The Shandong immigrants actively reclaim the wasteland, build water conservancy and develop the well irrigation, and break the original single production mode in Guanzhong area. They introduce the beautiful tobacco, the mulberry silkworm breeding, the expansion of the cotton planting, the planting of oil crops and the horticultural crops, and the agricultural production presents a variety of management patterns. To Shandong immigrant In this way, we have brought enough labor force to Guanzhong area, made the land of Guanzhong more fine and quickened the formation process of "Guanzhong mode", further perfected the irrigation system in Guanzhong area, and re laid the position of Guanzhong area with grain and cotton Province, and promoted the rapid recovery and development of the post-war Guanzhong agriculture.
Compared to the agricultural economy, Shandong Zhuang's handicraft industry and commercial economy are in a subsidiary position and a powerful supplement to the agricultural economy. Shandong Zhuang handicraft industry is a "farm worker" model based on the feudal land ownership and small land management. It is mainly engaged in the family workshop as a unit, mainly engaged in the processing of agricultural products. The lack of capital and technology, the lack of capital and technology, the lack of power to expand reproduction, and the narrowness of the business approach and operation. The commercial operation of Shandong Zhuang immigrant is dominated by the sale of handicraft products. The flow of goods and sales channels have a great dependence on the rural market. Although the commercial scale is subject to capital, market and purchase The restriction of the force has failed to achieve a breakthrough from the region and entered the city from the countryside, but it has played a great role in the restoration of the economic network of the rural commodity market, which centers on the market, and has promoted the revival of the rural commercial trade in Guanzhong.
Shandong Zhuang society is an acquaintance society constructed by blood and geography. The village governance depends on the rule of the elders and the restraint of the township rules. The Shandong immigrants defused the dispute of the earth guests with a modest retreat to avoid the conflict between the aborigines in the land and the water source contest, and won the respect of the people of the Guanzhong. The village of Shandong has won the respect of the people of the Guanzhong. The site is different from the village in Guanzhong. The location of the village is different from the village in Guanzhong, which is mainly due to the "field" (arable land) and less consideration of the geomantic factors; the village scale is based on the geopolitical core, with the blood relationship as the center and the expansion of the "cabbage". The early Shandong dwellings have obvious immigrant symbols, flat. The original area is the Shandong style grass shed, the tableland area is the pit kiln, then gradually assimilated, the folk house has lost its original characteristic, and the Guanzhong folk house gradually converged. The early Guanzhong immigrant marriage circle is only limited to the interior of Shandong Zhuang, which is not intermarried with the Guanzhong people, and is subject to the custom and economic level. The wedding ceremony and funeral rite are more frugal than the people in the Guanzhong. Residence, Shandong Zhuang is limited by the invasion of foreign culture, and the language, diet and other customs with obvious immigration symbols are well passed down.
The spread of Christianity in Guanzhong area was introduced by immigrants from Shandong. The form of its spread was different from that of other people. First, there were teachers, missionaries and churches, and many immigrants entered teaching. The immigrants of Shandong paid more attention to the culture and education of their children than the villagers in Guanzhong. In the early period, the education of private schools and the abolition of the imperial examination system, the emigration children were more educated in the church schools, and the girls were taught in the women's school. The establishment of ecclesiastical schools adapted to the cultural changes in the late Qing Dynasty and the needs of the society in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Its perfect subject setting and new teaching methods have already had the embryonic form of modern discipline education.
The sampling survey of two villages in Dan Licun and Xu Mu village in Sanyuan county shows that the villagers generally think that the economic development of the immigrants is generally superior to the economic development level of the local Guanzhong village, and that they have expressed very high satisfaction in getting along with the villages in Guanzhong. As a successful example in the history of modern immigration, Shandong Zhuang immigrants, as a successful example in the history of modern immigration, provide valuable experience for contemporary immigrants in the process of economic development and social integration in the process of immigration.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：C922
本文編號(hào)：2126398
[Abstract]:Population migration is the main way of population change and one of the basic forms of social change. It plays an important role in the development of the country and society. In recent years, the famine in Shandong, the social unrest, the mass migration tide appeared, and it became the most important emigrant. By means of fieldwork, literature examination, economics, sociology and culture, this paper focuses on the interaction relationship between the immigration economy of Shandong Zhuang Autonomous Region and the economy of Guanzhong, and analyzes how the immigrants of Shandong and Guanzhong indigenous people integrate and realize their own economic development through field investigation and methods of literature examination, economics, sociology and culture. At the same time, we will jointly promote the economic and social recovery and development in Guanzhong.
After the late Qing Dynasty and the natural and man-made disasters, the population and the possession of cultivated land in Qilu appeared obvious difference and became the main driving force of the immigrant incident. The incident of Lu people into Shaanxi was a spontaneous, organized and large-scale immigrant action. The government's loose immigration policy and the participation of Jiao Yunlong, the official of the government of Shandong, further accelerated the immigration. At the speed and scale of the immigration, after the immigrated into the Guanzhong, out of the needs of the "ground" nature of the feudal agricultural and social instincts, they formed a long and sparsely populated Guanzhong belt along the back of the chaos. In Sanyuan, Gaoling, Yanliang, Lintong and other counties and Fuping, Dali, Weinan, Pucheng, and other counties of the Weibei Province, a large number of immigrants villages, Shandong Zhuang, were established, initially estimated. Now the population has reached more than 300 thousand people.
The agricultural economy is the main body of the immigration economy of Shandong Zhuang. The Shandong immigrants actively reclaim the wasteland, build water conservancy and develop the well irrigation, and break the original single production mode in Guanzhong area. They introduce the beautiful tobacco, the mulberry silkworm breeding, the expansion of the cotton planting, the planting of oil crops and the horticultural crops, and the agricultural production presents a variety of management patterns. To Shandong immigrant In this way, we have brought enough labor force to Guanzhong area, made the land of Guanzhong more fine and quickened the formation process of "Guanzhong mode", further perfected the irrigation system in Guanzhong area, and re laid the position of Guanzhong area with grain and cotton Province, and promoted the rapid recovery and development of the post-war Guanzhong agriculture.
Compared to the agricultural economy, Shandong Zhuang's handicraft industry and commercial economy are in a subsidiary position and a powerful supplement to the agricultural economy. Shandong Zhuang handicraft industry is a "farm worker" model based on the feudal land ownership and small land management. It is mainly engaged in the family workshop as a unit, mainly engaged in the processing of agricultural products. The lack of capital and technology, the lack of capital and technology, the lack of power to expand reproduction, and the narrowness of the business approach and operation. The commercial operation of Shandong Zhuang immigrant is dominated by the sale of handicraft products. The flow of goods and sales channels have a great dependence on the rural market. Although the commercial scale is subject to capital, market and purchase The restriction of the force has failed to achieve a breakthrough from the region and entered the city from the countryside, but it has played a great role in the restoration of the economic network of the rural commodity market, which centers on the market, and has promoted the revival of the rural commercial trade in Guanzhong.
Shandong Zhuang society is an acquaintance society constructed by blood and geography. The village governance depends on the rule of the elders and the restraint of the township rules. The Shandong immigrants defused the dispute of the earth guests with a modest retreat to avoid the conflict between the aborigines in the land and the water source contest, and won the respect of the people of the Guanzhong. The village of Shandong has won the respect of the people of the Guanzhong. The site is different from the village in Guanzhong. The location of the village is different from the village in Guanzhong, which is mainly due to the "field" (arable land) and less consideration of the geomantic factors; the village scale is based on the geopolitical core, with the blood relationship as the center and the expansion of the "cabbage". The early Shandong dwellings have obvious immigrant symbols, flat. The original area is the Shandong style grass shed, the tableland area is the pit kiln, then gradually assimilated, the folk house has lost its original characteristic, and the Guanzhong folk house gradually converged. The early Guanzhong immigrant marriage circle is only limited to the interior of Shandong Zhuang, which is not intermarried with the Guanzhong people, and is subject to the custom and economic level. The wedding ceremony and funeral rite are more frugal than the people in the Guanzhong. Residence, Shandong Zhuang is limited by the invasion of foreign culture, and the language, diet and other customs with obvious immigration symbols are well passed down.
The spread of Christianity in Guanzhong area was introduced by immigrants from Shandong. The form of its spread was different from that of other people. First, there were teachers, missionaries and churches, and many immigrants entered teaching. The immigrants of Shandong paid more attention to the culture and education of their children than the villagers in Guanzhong. In the early period, the education of private schools and the abolition of the imperial examination system, the emigration children were more educated in the church schools, and the girls were taught in the women's school. The establishment of ecclesiastical schools adapted to the cultural changes in the late Qing Dynasty and the needs of the society in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Its perfect subject setting and new teaching methods have already had the embryonic form of modern discipline education.
The sampling survey of two villages in Dan Licun and Xu Mu village in Sanyuan county shows that the villagers generally think that the economic development of the immigrants is generally superior to the economic development level of the local Guanzhong village, and that they have expressed very high satisfaction in getting along with the villages in Guanzhong. As a successful example in the history of modern immigration, Shandong Zhuang immigrants, as a successful example in the history of modern immigration, provide valuable experience for contemporary immigrants in the process of economic development and social integration in the process of immigration.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：C922
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