【摘要】：民主問題是馬克思主義理論中的重要內(nèi)容之一。馬克思恩格斯、列寧、毛澤東和鄧小平等經(jīng)典作家的民主思想是與時俱進(jìn)的理論產(chǎn)物,它形成了一個開放的、繼承與發(fā)展的體系。各經(jīng)典作家的民主思想的精粹凝煉抽象成馬克思主義基本原理的重要內(nèi)容,這種基本原理顯示出馬克思主義民主思想與非馬克思主義民主思想的根本區(qū)別。在這一前提條件下,各時代經(jīng)典作家的民主思想?yún)s又不是整齊劃一地、機(jī)械地統(tǒng)一,而是在思想的側(cè)重點(diǎn)、表述的層次、與實(shí)踐的應(yīng)對關(guān)系等方面各不相同,但這種不同恰恰形成了它們相互之間互補(bǔ)、互應(yīng)和耦合的關(guān)系,成為一種“和而不同”的價值組合,形成了馬克思主義民主思想的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一。 本文在辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的指導(dǎo)下,運(yùn)用邏輯與歷史相統(tǒng)一、比較與分析相結(jié)合、文獻(xiàn)研究等方法,將上述各經(jīng)典作家對民主的具體論述歸納為民主思想提出的宏觀背景、民主的價值取向、制度(政治)建設(shè)與民主、黨的組織建設(shè)與民主等內(nèi)容,對馬克思主義民主思想進(jìn)行整體性把握。通過對不同時期經(jīng)典作家民主思想內(nèi)在邏輯和具體內(nèi)容的梳理,本文認(rèn)為,經(jīng)典作家在論述以上四個方面時的側(cè)重點(diǎn)是不盡相同的。馬克思恩格斯重視關(guān)注于對資本主義民主的批判和對人的自由解放的追求；列寧主要關(guān)注于建立革命先鋒隊(duì)帶動群眾進(jìn)行無產(chǎn)階級革命,建立無產(chǎn)階級專政,將馬克思恩格斯的理論轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)；毛澤東強(qiáng)調(diào)群眾路線的重要性,通過給予廣大民眾廣泛的權(quán)利,激發(fā)他們參加革命和建設(shè)的積極性,實(shí)現(xiàn)國家的獨(dú)立和社會主義民主政權(quán)的鞏固；鄧小平則強(qiáng)調(diào)在和平與發(fā)展的時代,民主是重新煥發(fā)社會主義生機(jī)與活力的應(yīng)有之義,必須將民主制度化與法制化。馬克思主義民主思想的聚焦呈現(xiàn)出“人-政黨-政權(quán)-社會”這一內(nèi)在演變邏輯。相應(yīng)地,馬克思主義民主思想的基本特點(diǎn)可歸納為：呈現(xiàn)出了馬克思恩格斯強(qiáng)調(diào)民主的價值性一一列寧、毛澤東從革命和建設(shè)的現(xiàn)實(shí)出發(fā),強(qiáng)調(diào)民主的功能性作用一一鄧小平在社會主義建設(shè)中初步實(shí)現(xiàn)了民主價值性和功能性的相互統(tǒng)一。 從歷史發(fā)展的角度看來,馬克思主義經(jīng)典作家分別從不同層面、不同程度地豐滿著馬克思主義民主思想。它正體現(xiàn)了馬克思主義民主思想是不斷發(fā)展的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一體。通過厘清馬克思主義民主思想的發(fā)展脈絡(luò),有助于我們認(rèn)清當(dāng)前中國特色社會主義民主建設(shè)的歷史方位,并為其提供歷史借鑒和思想資源。
[Abstract]:The problem of democracy is one of the important contents in Marxist theory. The democratic thought of Marx and Engels, Lenin, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping is the theoretical product of keeping pace with the times, which forms an open, inherited and developed system. The essence of the democratic thought of each classical writer is abstracted into the important content of the basic principle of Marxism, which shows the fundamental difference between Marxist democratic thought and non-Marxist democratic thought. Under this premise, the democratic thought of the classical writers of each era is not uniform and mechanically unified, but different in the aspects of the emphasis of thought, the level of expression and the coping relationship with practice, but this difference precisely forms the complementary, mutual response and coupling relationship between them, and becomes a kind of "harmonious but different" value combination, which forms the organic unity of Marxist democratic thought. Under the guidance of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, this paper sums up the above classical writers' concrete exposition of democracy into the macro background of democratic thought, the value orientation of democracy, the construction of system (politics) and democracy, the organizational construction and democracy of the party, the organization construction and democracy of the party, and so on, by using the methods of logic and history, comparison and analysis, literature research and so on. By combing the internal logic and concrete contents of the democratic thought of classical writers in different periods, this paper holds that the emphasis of classical writers in discussing the above four aspects is not the same. Marx and Engels attached importance to the criticism of capitalist democracy and the pursuit of freedom and liberation of human beings, Lenin mainly focused on the establishment of revolutionary vanguard to drive the masses to carry out the proletarian revolution, the establishment of proletarian dictatorship, and the transformation of Marx and Engels' theory into reality. Mao Zedong stressed the importance of the mass line, stimulated their enthusiasm to participate in revolution and construction by giving the broad masses of rights, and realized the independence of the country and the consolidation of the socialist democratic regime, while Deng Xiaoping stressed that democracy is the proper meaning of rejuvenating socialist vitality and vitality in the era of peace and development, and democracy must be institutionalized and legalized. The focus of Marxist democratic thought shows the inherent evolution logic of "man-party-regime-society". Accordingly, the basic characteristics of Marxist democratic thought can be summarized as follows: Marx and Engels emphasize the value of democracy-Lenin, Mao Zedong emphasizes the functional role of democracy from the reality of revolution and construction-Deng Xiaoping initially realized the unity of democratic value and function in socialist construction. From the point of view of historical development, Marxist classical writers are full of Marxist democratic thought at different levels and to varying degrees. It reflects that Marxist democratic thought is an organic unity of continuous development. By clarifying the development of Marxist democratic thought, it is helpful for us to understand the historical orientation of socialist democratic construction with Chinese characteristics and to provide it with historical reference and ideological resources.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D641;A8

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