【摘要】：遵守法律是民主社會法治的基礎(chǔ),遵守法律是公民應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。但是縱觀歷史,民主制度中個(gè)人權(quán)利遭到侵犯的案例屢屢發(fā)生,“多數(shù)人統(tǒng)治”下的正義也并非完全正義。個(gè)人常常感到無助絕望,聽從大多數(shù)人的意愿。公民不服從這一行為也是一般公民制止民主制度中大多數(shù)人意愿的手段。公民不服從行為通常能夠使持異議者的議題在法庭上受到公開審判,這也正是梭羅、羅莎·帕克斯、馬丁·路德·金等人的意圖。同時(shí),公民的權(quán)利這一點(diǎn)在為公民不服從論證中也具有一定的意義。公民不服從這個(gè)術(shù)語最早是亨利·大衛(wèi)·梭羅提出的。針對這一問題展開的討論主要集中在這幾個(gè)問題上：公民不服從行為具有什么特征?在什么情況下公民不服從的行為能夠得到論證?法律對公民不服從參與者應(yīng)該如何做出回應(yīng)?本文試圖通過徹底闡述公民不服從的特征,并將其區(qū)別于一般違法行為和其他抗議行為,通過反抗者采取的方式和可能導(dǎo)致的后果以及這一行為的動機(jī)來論證公民不服從理論。文章分為五個(gè)章節(jié),第一章對公民不服從做了概念分析,除了論述公開性、違法性、非暴力性之外,對于另外兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)憑良心辦事以及溝通性都進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)論述。一個(gè)人如果出于良心違反法律,典型的特征是既具有前瞻性又具有后顧性——不僅尋找表達(dá)他對特定法律或者政策的反對或者譴責(zé),而且也把公眾的注意力吸引到這一特定的議題上,從而推動法律或者政策方面的改變。同時(shí)將公民不服從與一般違法行為和其他抗議形式區(qū)分開來。第二章對其作為一種特殊違法行為的合法性從行動方式和行動動機(jī)進(jìn)行了論證,論證了公民不服從的合法性意味著公民在一些條件限定下有權(quán)利參與公民不服從運(yùn)動。第三章對公民是否有權(quán)利采取公民不服從行為進(jìn)行了限定,并且對公民不服從的懲罰展開了論述。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)威懾目的可以采取任何懲罰方式,不論懲罰是從輕或者過重,或者是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)按照一般違法行為懲罰。第四章論述了民主制度不可避免的缺陷：由于民主制度的基本特點(diǎn)是多數(shù)人統(tǒng)治,公民不服從者則是少數(shù)人讓多數(shù)人意識到他們呼吁的議題,并希望得到多數(shù)人的支持。即使在民主法治社會中存在合法手段以改變非正義,但是法律途徑耗時(shí)太長,甚至在實(shí)踐中受到阻礙。在對抗非正義的戰(zhàn)斗中耐心助長非正義,公民不服從的直接性、非暴力性以及自愿接受懲罰,既能阻止非正義又能表達(dá)對法律的忠誠。第五章說明了公民不服從的作用,其在歷史上、法律上造成的影響以及在現(xiàn)代民主制度政治生活中日益擴(kuò)大的作用。
[Abstract]:To abide by the law is the basis of the rule of law in a democratic society, and it is the duty of citizens to abide by the law. But throughout history, individual rights have been violated frequently in democracy, and justice under the rule of the majority is not entirely just. Individuals often feel helpless and desperate and listen to the wishes of the majority. Citizen disobedience from this behavior is also a means for ordinary citizens to stop the will of the majority in a democracy. Civil disobedience usually allows dissidents to be tried in public in court, which is what Thoreau, Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and others intended. At the same time, the citizen's right also has certain significance in disobeying the citizen from the argument. The term was first proposed by Henry David Thoreau. The discussion focused on these questions: what are the characteristics of citizens' disobedient behavior? Under what circumstances can civil disobedience be demonstrated? How should the law react to citizens' disobedience from participants? This paper attempts to demonstrate the theory of civil disobedience by thoroughly expounding the characteristics of citizens' disobedience and differentiating it from general illegal acts and other protest acts, by means of the way and possible consequences adopted by the rebels, and by the motives of this behavior. The article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter makes a conceptual analysis of citizen disobedience. In addition to the public, illegal, non-violent, the other two characteristics of conscience and communication are discussed in detail. If a person violates the law out of conscience, the typical characteristic is that he is both forward-looking and considerate-not only seeking to express his opposition to or condemnation of a particular law or policy, It also draws public attention to this particular issue, prompting changes in law or policy. It also distinguishes civil disobedience from ordinary violations and other forms of protest. The second chapter demonstrates its legality as a special illegal act from the mode of action and the motive of action, and demonstrates that the legitimacy of citizen's disobedience means that the citizen has the right to participate in the civil disobedience movement under some conditions. The third chapter defines whether citizens have the right to take civil disobedience behavior, and discusses the punishment of citizen disobedience. Any form of punishment may be taken for the purpose of deterrence, whether light or excessive, or in the light of experience in accordance with a general offence. The fourth chapter discusses the inevitable defects of democracy: because the basic characteristics of democracy is the rule of the majority, the citizen disobeying is the minority who makes the majority aware of the issue they call for, and hopes to be supported by the majority. Even if there are legal means to change injustice in a democratic society under the rule of law, the legal approach takes too long and is even blocked in practice. Patience fosters injustice in the battle against injustice, the directness, non-violence, and voluntary punishment of citizens' disobedience can both prevent injustice and express loyalty to the law. The fifth chapter explains the function of citizen disobedience, its influence in history and law, and its expanding role in the political life of modern democratic system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D035

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