【摘要】：自由主義是美國政治發(fā)展的思想源流與實踐動力,其世界觀強(qiáng)調(diào)個人主義—理性主義,方法論是基于實用主義哲學(xué)的改良主義。起初,自由主義以有限政府與市場經(jīng)濟(jì)為手段,致力于遏制政治權(quán)力擴(kuò)張。然而這一觀念走到極限,使得壟斷資本在鍍金時代凌駕于美國民主政治之上,最終引發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會危機(jī)。此后,實用主義式的改良主義對上述觀念進(jìn)行了修正,進(jìn)而揭示出自由主義世界觀和方法論間的一項悖論:前者將個人理性置于一切社會事物之上,后者卻看到了其局限。結(jié)果是,自由主義在美國政治實踐中衍生出了兩種變體:民主黨式變體即當(dāng)代自由主義認(rèn)為,經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力擴(kuò)張也會損害政治民主,改良的目標(biāo)應(yīng)為市場監(jiān)管與經(jīng)濟(jì)平等;共和黨式變體即新自由主義則宣稱財產(chǎn)權(quán)是支配性的,政府無權(quán)干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)。上述兩種自由觀念的張力推動美國政治形成了普遍主義與精英主義對立的二元結(jié)構(gòu)、使之先后經(jīng)歷了以政黨"對等合作"為特征的新政時代及以政黨"對等極化"為特征的新鍍金時代�；诖�,作者認(rèn)為,美國政治演化的動力在于古典自由主義與當(dāng)代自由主義由反政治權(quán)力和反經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力而來的觀念張力與政治二元結(jié)構(gòu),其深層邏輯則在于自由主義世界觀和方法論之間有著難以解決的悖論。"特朗普現(xiàn)象"就是這一悖論在新鍍金時代終結(jié)時的產(chǎn)物。
[Abstract]:Liberalism is the ideological source and practical motive force of American political development, its world outlook emphasizes individualism-rationalism, and methodology is reformism based on pragmatism philosophy. At first, liberalism used limited government and market economy as a means to curb the expansion of political power. However, this idea reached the limit, which made monopoly capital superior to American democracy in the gilded age, and finally led to economic and social crisis. Since then, pragmatist reformism has revised the above ideas, thus revealing a paradox between the liberal worldview and methodology: the former puts personal rationality above all social things, but the latter sees its limitations. The result is that there are two variants of liberalism in American political practice: Democratic variant namely contemporary liberalism thinks that economic power expansion will also damage political democracy the goal of improvement should be market supervision and economic equality; The Republican variant, neoliberalism, claims that property rights are dominant and that the government has no right to intervene in the economy. The tension of the two concepts of freedom has led to the formation of a dualistic structure of universalism and elitism in American politics. It has experienced a new deal era characterized by "equal cooperation" of political parties and a new gold-plated era characterized by "equal polarization" of political parties. Based on this, the author holds that the motive force of American political evolution lies in the tension of ideas and political dualistic structure between classical liberalism and contemporary liberalism from anti-political power and anti-economic power. The deep logic lies in the insoluble paradox between the liberal world outlook and methodology. " The Trump phenomenon is the product of this paradox at the end of the new gilded era.
【作者單位】： 復(fù)旦大學(xué)美國研究中心;
【分類號】：D771.2
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本文編號：2418997