新中國(guó)政府體制的建構(gòu)與蘇聯(lián)因素(1949-1954)
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-07-14 16:22
【摘要】:新中國(guó)政制體系構(gòu)成的制度基礎(chǔ)主要來源于三大基本要素,即帝國(guó)的歷史傳統(tǒng)與制度遺產(chǎn)、馬克思主義的政體理論及其在中國(guó)的早期實(shí)踐、第一個(gè)社會(huì)主義國(guó)家蘇聯(lián)的制度經(jīng)驗(yàn)。其中,蘇聯(lián)是自近代以來影響中國(guó)制度建構(gòu)最重要的外在因素之一,因而可以認(rèn)為新中國(guó)的基本政制架構(gòu)是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)因素與蘇聯(lián)因素共同作用的產(chǎn)物。具體而言,在外來因素與本土因素兩股力量互相碰撞的過程中,以毛澤東為代表的革命領(lǐng)袖,將領(lǐng)袖權(quán)威和個(gè)人偏好疊加運(yùn)用,在充分理解馬克思主義理論和一定程度自主性的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行了比較有效的制度模仿和一定的制度創(chuàng)新,從而塑造出了一個(gè)全新的社會(huì)主義政治體制。 本文立足于文獻(xiàn)分析和中蘇政治制度史的比較研究,主要從政治學(xué)的視角出發(fā)去探究建國(guó)初期政制架構(gòu)形成的歷史淵源和制度變遷的內(nèi)在邏輯,重點(diǎn)分析蘇聯(lián)因素在其中所產(chǎn)生的實(shí)際影響。這種影響之所以能夠發(fā)揮實(shí)質(zhì)性作用,其關(guān)鍵就在于蘇共與中共之間的黨際關(guān)系在很大程度上影響著中共早期的革命實(shí)踐以及新中國(guó)的制度建構(gòu)。在建政前夕,蘇聯(lián)對(duì)中共政制構(gòu)想及建國(guó)進(jìn)程產(chǎn)生了決定性影響,其實(shí)質(zhì)是對(duì)中共建構(gòu)一套什么樣的政治制度的影響。建政以后,中共在冷戰(zhàn)格局下之所以會(huì)選擇“一邊倒”,是中蘇之間特殊的黨際關(guān)系和意識(shí)形態(tài)高度一致性的結(jié)果。 在總體上厘清蘇聯(lián)因素對(duì)新中國(guó)制度建構(gòu)發(fā)揮重要影響的基礎(chǔ)上,本文主要從三個(gè)方面來具體論述這種重要影響的內(nèi)容和體現(xiàn):一是中央政府體制形成過程中的蘇聯(lián)因素問題!豆餐V領(lǐng)》關(guān)于新中國(guó)二級(jí)政府體制的規(guī)定在實(shí)際運(yùn)行中出現(xiàn)了權(quán)力分散現(xiàn)象,中共在向蘇聯(lián)學(xué)習(xí)黨政制度經(jīng)驗(yàn)的同時(shí)進(jìn)行了兩輪機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整,在效仿蘇聯(lián)建立計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的同時(shí)加強(qiáng)了中央集權(quán)和黨的集權(quán),由此導(dǎo)致中蘇黨政結(jié)構(gòu)具有高度的同源性,新中國(guó)政府機(jī)構(gòu)間關(guān)系從根本上受到蘇聯(lián)的影響,形成以條塊為主的高度集中的政府管理體制。二是地方政府結(jié)構(gòu)模式中的蘇聯(lián)因素問題。在地方層面,大區(qū)的制度變遷反映了中共如何效仿斯大林模式加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán),因蘇聯(lián)因素嵌入而形成了中共處理央地關(guān)系的政治優(yōu)先等基本原則。三是新中國(guó)政府體制變遷中的蘇聯(lián)因素問題。五四憲法的制定本身是斯大林制憲建議的產(chǎn)物。在五四憲法架構(gòu)下,政府體制從二級(jí)建制變化為一級(jí)建制,在制度文本形態(tài)上表現(xiàn)為人大、國(guó)務(wù)院和國(guó)家主席的政制創(chuàng)設(shè),其制度形態(tài)和制度精神與蘇聯(lián)相比存在一定的相似性和差異性,在制度模仿的同時(shí)更多地體現(xiàn)了中共現(xiàn)實(shí)政治需要的內(nèi)在邏輯。 在具體分析新中國(guó)制度建構(gòu)歷程的基礎(chǔ)上,本文從以下幾個(gè)層面進(jìn)行了理論思考。蘇聯(lián)因素在類型學(xué)上以觀念、制度和人共同作用于新中國(guó)政治制度的形成,斯大林觀念內(nèi)化為制度從而影響了中共的政制選擇;中央集權(quán)是新中國(guó)政府體制變遷的制度邏輯,其中以政府集權(quán)和政黨集權(quán)為主而形成了中央集權(quán)與黨的集權(quán)之間的政治耦合;新中國(guó)政制架構(gòu)的形成說明任何一個(gè)國(guó)家政制模式的選擇都是一個(gè)內(nèi)外因素相互作用的結(jié)果,是一個(gè)歷史合力的產(chǎn)物;中共的有限模仿和制度自主性之間的張力是新中國(guó)政治制度建構(gòu)的政治邏輯。時(shí)至今日,中國(guó)仍然在不斷地探索、發(fā)展和完善中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路和相應(yīng)的制度模式。然而,由于蘇聯(lián)因素的深遠(yuǎn)影響和對(duì)帝制中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的路徑依賴,1949年以來逐漸形成和演化的中央集權(quán)體制和政黨國(guó)家形態(tài)到現(xiàn)在為止并沒有發(fā)生根本性的改變,這在很大程度上成為中國(guó)進(jìn)一步深化政治改革和邁向現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的重要癥結(jié)所在。雖然在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷深化的背景下,中國(guó)的政治體制改革正在沿著一條不斷地“去蘇聯(lián)化”的道路上前行,在不斷地消解因計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制而帶來的蘇聯(lián)模式的制度慣性。然而,“去蘇聯(lián)化”不僅僅是一個(gè)體制本身的問題,而且還存在一個(gè)改變這種體制背后的理念和價(jià)值的根本性問題。
[Abstract]:The system foundation of the new Chinese political system consists of three basic elements , namely the historical tradition and system heritage of the Empire , the Marxist political theory and its early practice in China , the system experience of the first socialist country Soviet Union .
Based on the comparative study of literature analysis and the history of Chinese and Soviet political system , this paper mainly discusses the internal logic of the historical origin and institutional change formed by the political structure in the early period of the founding of the People ' s Republic of China from the perspective of political science . The key is to analyze the influence of the Soviet factors on the political system .
On the basis of the overall definition of the influence of the Soviet factors on the construction of the new Chinese system , this paper mainly discusses the content and expression of the important influence in the process of the formation of the central government .
On the basis of the concrete analysis of the construction course of the new China system , this paper makes a theoretical reflection from the following aspects . The Soviet factors are formed in the form of the new Chinese political system by the concept , the system and the people , and the Stalin ' s concept is changed into the system , which influences the political system choice of the CCP ;
The centralized power is the institutional logic of the changes of the new Chinese government system , in which the political coupling between the centralization of centralization and the centralization of the party is formed based on the centralization of the government and the centralization of the political parties ;
The formation of the new Chinese political system indicates that the choice of any state political model is the result of interaction between internal and external factors , and is a product of historical combining ability ;
However , in the context of the deepening of the market economy , China ' s political system reform is moving along the path of " going to the Soviet Union " , which is not only the problem of the system itself , but also the fundamental problem of changing the concept and value behind the system .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號(hào)】:D621;D751.2
本文編號(hào):2122227
[Abstract]:The system foundation of the new Chinese political system consists of three basic elements , namely the historical tradition and system heritage of the Empire , the Marxist political theory and its early practice in China , the system experience of the first socialist country Soviet Union .
Based on the comparative study of literature analysis and the history of Chinese and Soviet political system , this paper mainly discusses the internal logic of the historical origin and institutional change formed by the political structure in the early period of the founding of the People ' s Republic of China from the perspective of political science . The key is to analyze the influence of the Soviet factors on the political system .
On the basis of the overall definition of the influence of the Soviet factors on the construction of the new Chinese system , this paper mainly discusses the content and expression of the important influence in the process of the formation of the central government .
On the basis of the concrete analysis of the construction course of the new China system , this paper makes a theoretical reflection from the following aspects . The Soviet factors are formed in the form of the new Chinese political system by the concept , the system and the people , and the Stalin ' s concept is changed into the system , which influences the political system choice of the CCP ;
The centralized power is the institutional logic of the changes of the new Chinese government system , in which the political coupling between the centralization of centralization and the centralization of the party is formed based on the centralization of the government and the centralization of the political parties ;
The formation of the new Chinese political system indicates that the choice of any state political model is the result of interaction between internal and external factors , and is a product of historical combining ability ;
However , in the context of the deepening of the market economy , China ' s political system reform is moving along the path of " going to the Soviet Union " , which is not only the problem of the system itself , but also the fundamental problem of changing the concept and value behind the system .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號(hào)】:D621;D751.2
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,本文編號(hào):2122227
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