發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-28 05:05

  本文選題：馬克思主義 + 利益集團(tuán)　； 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：當(dāng)今美國(guó)是一個(gè)政治多元化的社會(huì)，利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)之間的政治互動(dòng)是美國(guó)政治生活的重要內(nèi)容，對(duì)美國(guó)政治過程產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。美國(guó)任何一項(xiàng)行政規(guī)章和部分立法規(guī)章的出臺(tái)，都是利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)之間政治互動(dòng)的結(jié)果。無論人們對(duì)院外活動(dòng)、政治獻(xiàn)金持何種態(tài)度，美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)的密切關(guān)系已經(jīng)是不爭(zhēng)的事實(shí)，已經(jīng)是美國(guó)政治生活中的必要組成部分，而且關(guān)系模式已經(jīng)趨向于固定化。依據(jù)辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義，對(duì)利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)的政治互動(dòng)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)考察十分必要。 美國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)等環(huán)境都是利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)政治互動(dòng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。美國(guó)的三權(quán)分立政體、開放的選舉制度、政黨體制等都需要美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)密切互動(dòng)，以使美國(guó)政治生活能順暢地進(jìn)行；美國(guó)的資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度也驅(qū)使二者合作，以實(shí)現(xiàn)各自利益；同樣，美國(guó)的結(jié)社傳統(tǒng)、自由和民主精神等是二者政治互動(dòng)的促成因素。美國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)環(huán)境需要并適合利益集團(tuán)的存在，同時(shí)也是利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)互動(dòng)行為的生存土壤和前提條件。縱觀美國(guó)歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)，二者政治互動(dòng)行為是美國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)環(huán)境發(fā)展的必然產(chǎn)物。 在當(dāng)代美國(guó)社會(huì)，利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)久政治互動(dòng)，早已形成密切的關(guān)系，二者會(huì)以各種途徑和方式互相影響。利益集團(tuán)會(huì)想盡各種辦法影響行政機(jī)構(gòu)決策，而行政機(jī)構(gòu)也積極地對(duì)利益集團(tuán)進(jìn)行反向游說，并在對(duì)集團(tuán)監(jiān)管過程中謀求利益。利益集團(tuán)影響行政機(jī)構(gòu)的方式與影響立法機(jī)構(gòu)的方式不同。雖然利益集團(tuán)在游說不同的機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí)，總體目標(biāo)是相同的——影響決策以為實(shí)現(xiàn)自身利益，但是，針對(duì)不同的機(jī)構(gòu)，施加影響的方法會(huì)不同。利益集團(tuán)對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)進(jìn)行游說時(shí)，會(huì)使用發(fā)起基層運(yùn)動(dòng)、向政治行動(dòng)委員會(huì)捐款等方式向國(guó)會(huì)施加壓力，但是在對(duì)行政機(jī)構(gòu)施加影響時(shí)，這些方法卻不適用于游說行政機(jī)構(gòu)。在影響行政機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí)，利益集團(tuán)必須更多地依靠他們獲得的專門信息和與官僚人員建立的關(guān)系，通過各種途徑、以各種形式影響行政決策制訂。行政機(jī)構(gòu)在被利益集團(tuán)游說的同時(shí)，也為實(shí)現(xiàn)自身利益而進(jìn)行游說。實(shí)際上，許多美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)的行動(dòng)處于政府的操縱之下。二十世紀(jì)以來，隨著行政機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)力不斷擴(kuò)大，總統(tǒng)和各行政機(jī)構(gòu)積極且頻繁地參與立法過程，經(jīng)常是許多立法議案的發(fā)起者和游說者。行政監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)也花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間進(jìn)行游說，也會(huì)與被監(jiān)管集團(tuán)聯(lián)合起來，對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)進(jìn)行游說。行政機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)利益集團(tuán)的影響途徑和方式，是我們考察二者政治互動(dòng)的必要研究?jī)?nèi)容。 利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)政治互動(dòng)是資本主義生產(chǎn)方式的反映和表現(xiàn)�！罢问菍�(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的最集中的表現(xiàn)”。在資本主義制度存繼期間，能夠長(zhǎng)期互動(dòng)并建立密切關(guān)系的行政機(jī)構(gòu)和利益集團(tuán)均為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)代表。因?yàn)榧热欢吣軌蚪Y(jié)成長(zhǎng)久的親密同盟，必然有共同的根本利益。一方面，行政機(jī)構(gòu)本身就是資本主義國(guó)家機(jī)器，為資本主義生產(chǎn)方式服務(wù)；另一方面，財(cái)富是利益集團(tuán)活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)，因?yàn)闆]有金錢作為基礎(chǔ)、實(shí)力不雄厚的利益集團(tuán)想與行政機(jī)構(gòu)建立密切關(guān)系十分困難。除少數(shù)公共利益集團(tuán)外，大多數(shù)利益集團(tuán)都是從狹隘的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益出發(fā)考慮問題。所以，能與行政機(jī)構(gòu)建立密切聯(lián)系、與其根本利益一致的利益集團(tuán)也是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的代表。利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)政治互動(dòng)的最終目的便是實(shí)現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的利益，鞏固資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的統(tǒng)治。 利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)政治互動(dòng)的實(shí)質(zhì)是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)內(nèi)部的利益調(diào)整和分享。表面看來，行政公開透明，廣泛聽取民意，充分體現(xiàn)了民主精神；其實(shí)這只是少數(shù)人的民主，是資本主義民主。通常情況下，少數(shù)集團(tuán)和大公司利用自己的財(cái)富和資源操控政府決策。而且，當(dāng)公共利益集團(tuán)與損害公共利益的集團(tuán)在某些政策領(lǐng)域相持不下時(shí)，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致政策失靈和政府權(quán)威虛置。利益集團(tuán)會(huì)通過政治捐款、行賄等方式拉攏官員，極易導(dǎo)致腐敗，是侵害民主的毒瘤。 美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)密切關(guān)系的建立是雙向交流、互相影響的政治過程。利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)之間是相互依存、相互影響、相互作用的辨證統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系。二者之間建立關(guān)系是雙向交流過程，而不僅是某一方對(duì)另一方的單向輸出；二者之間建立密切關(guān)系是互相影響，而不是一方主動(dòng)出擊另一方被動(dòng)接受的過程。因?yàn)�，利益集團(tuán)需要游說行政機(jī)構(gòu)以影響政府政策，使決策有利于本集團(tuán)利益；行政機(jī)構(gòu)也會(huì)游說利益集團(tuán)以得到其支持和幫助，比如提供專業(yè)知識(shí)、信息和技術(shù)，捐獻(xiàn)給總統(tǒng)的政治獻(xiàn)金等。對(duì)利益集團(tuán)游說政府的行為我們習(xí)以為常，事實(shí)上，許多美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)處于政府的操控之下。隨著行政機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)力不斷擴(kuò)大，總統(tǒng)和各行政部門積極且頻繁地參與立法過程，經(jīng)常是許多立法議案的發(fā)起者和游說者。通常當(dāng)行政機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)會(huì)的立場(chǎng)相左的時(shí)候，行政監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)也花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間進(jìn)行游說，也會(huì)與被監(jiān)管集團(tuán)聯(lián)合起來，對(duì)國(guó)會(huì)進(jìn)行施壓；總統(tǒng)對(duì)利益集團(tuán)進(jìn)行反向游說，希望得到利益集團(tuán)的支持和捐贈(zèng)；在必要或緊急的時(shí)候中，行政機(jī)構(gòu)也需要游說利益集團(tuán)，讓其幫助處理一些事務(wù)。 利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)之間的政治互動(dòng)不是簡(jiǎn)單地“合作”，是既聯(lián)合與協(xié)作、又競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與爭(zhēng)奪的的過程。既然是矛盾體的兩個(gè)方面，則二者既有對(duì)立的一面，又有統(tǒng)一的一面。必然有互相爭(zhēng)奪、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的一面；而當(dāng)二者的利益一致或者互相需要的時(shí)候，就會(huì)聯(lián)合起來為實(shí)現(xiàn)共同的利益而協(xié)作。美國(guó)9個(gè)獨(dú)立行政管制委員的職責(zé)是監(jiān)管和控制私營(yíng)企業(yè)的活動(dòng)。作為監(jiān)管者和被監(jiān)管者，二者之間必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)博弈甚至斗爭(zhēng)的情形。而且，當(dāng)利益集團(tuán)認(rèn)為監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)侵犯其權(quán)益的時(shí)候，還會(huì)向法院提起訴訟，以維護(hù)自己的權(quán)利。所以，，美國(guó)利益集團(tuán)與行政機(jī)構(gòu)政治互動(dòng)是既競(jìng)爭(zhēng)又聯(lián)合，既合作又博弈的過程。
[Abstract]:Today, the United States is a political pluralistic society. The political interaction between interest groups and administrative agencies is an important part of American political life. It has a profound influence on the political process of the United States. Any administrative rules and regulations in the United States are the result of the political interaction between the interest group and the administrative agencies. The close relationship between the American interest groups and the administrative institutions has been an indisputable fact, no matter what the people's attitude to outside activities and political contributions, the essential part of American political life, and the pattern of relations has tended to be fixed. Based on the dialectical materialism and historical materialism, the interest groups and the administrative machines are on the basis of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. It is necessary to investigate the political interaction in a systematic way.
The political, economic, cultural and social environment in the United States are the realistic basis for the political interaction between the interest groups and the administrative institutions. The American three powers, the open election system, the political party system, and so on, need the close interaction between the American interest groups and the administrative institutions so as to make the American political life smooth; the American capitalist economy. The system also drives the two parties to cooperate to achieve their own interests. Similarly, the American Association tradition, freedom and democratic spirit are the contributing factors to the political interaction of the two. The political, economic, cultural and social environment of the United States needs and is suitable for the existence of interest groups, and is also the soil and premise of the interaction between the interest groups and the administrative institutions. In terms of the history and reality of the United States, the two party's political interaction is the inevitable outcome of the development of American politics, economy and social environment.
In the contemporary American society, the interest groups and the administrative institutions have formed a close relationship after a long period of political interaction. The two will affect each other in various ways and ways. The interest groups will do all kinds of ways to influence the decision-making of the administrative agencies, and the administrative agencies are also actively lobbying on the interest groups and in the process of supervision of the group. The ways in which the interest groups affect the administrative institutions are different from the ways that the legislature affects the legislature. Although the interest groups have the same overall goal in lobbying different institutions - affecting the decision to realize their own interests, the methods of exerting influence on different institutions will be different. There will be pressure on Congress to use grass-roots campaigns and to contribute to the political action committee, but in the impact on the administration, these methods do not apply to lobby administrative bodies. In the impact of administrative agencies, interest groups must rely more on the special information they obtain and the relationship with bureaucrats. In various ways, it affects the formulation of administrative decisions in various forms. Administrative agencies lobbying for their own interests while lobbying by the interest groups. In fact, many American interest groups are under government manipulation. Since twentieth Century, the president and the administrative agencies have accumulated as the power of the administrative machinery expands. Participating in the legislative process extremely and frequently, often is the initiator and lobbyist of many legislative bills. The administrative regulatory agency also spends a lot of time lobbying. It will also be combined with the supervised groups to lobby the Congress. The ways and means of the influence of the administrative agencies on the interest groups are the necessary Research for our investigation of the political interaction between the two. Content.
The political interaction between the interest group and the administrative organization is the reflection and expression of the capitalist mode of production. "Politics is the most concentrated expression of the economy." during the preservation of the capitalist system, the executive and interest groups that can interact for a long time and establish a close relationship are all bourgeois representatives. Since the two can become permanent An intimate alliance must have a common fundamental interest. On the one hand, the administration itself is a capitalist state machine, serving the capitalist mode of production; on the other hand, wealth is the basis for the activities of the interest group, because it is difficult to establish a close relationship with the administrative organization without the foundation of money. In addition to a small number of public interest groups, most interest groups take into account the narrow economic interests. Therefore, it is possible to establish close ties with the administrative agencies. The interest groups that are consistent with their fundamental interests are also the representatives of the bourgeoisie. The ultimate aim of the political interaction between the interest groups and the administrative institutions is to realize the interests of the bourgeoisie. To consolidate the ruling of the bourgeoisie.
The essence of the political interaction between the interest group and the administrative organization is the adjustment and sharing of the interests within the bourgeoisie. On the surface, it appears that the administration is open and transparent, the public opinion is listened extensively and the democratic spirit is fully embodied; in fact, it is only a minority democracy and a capitalist democracy. In general, the minority groups and large companies use their own wealth and capital. The source controls the government's decision. Moreover, when the public interest groups and the groups that have damaged the public interest in some policy areas, it will lead to policy failure and government authority. The interest groups will pull officials through political donations and bribery, which can easily lead to corruption and a malignant tumor against democracy.
The establishment of the close relationship between the American interest group and the administrative organization is the political process of two-way communication and mutual influence. The relationship between the interest groups and the administrative agencies is the dialectical and unified relationship between the interdependence, the mutual influence and the interaction. The relationship between the two parties is a two-way communication process, not only one of the one side's one-way output to the other; two The establishment of a close relationship is a process of mutual influence rather than the passive acceptance of the other side by one party, because the interest groups need to lobby the administrative agencies to influence government policies and make decisions beneficial to the interests of the group; and the administration will also lobby interest groups to get their support and help, such as providing professional knowledge, information. And technology, donations to the president's political contribution, etc.. We are accustomed to lobbying the government by interest groups. In fact, many American interest groups are under the control of the government. As the power of the administration continues to expand, the president and the administrative departments are actively and frequently involved in the legislative process, often the initiation of many legislative bills. People and lobbyists. Often when the positions of the executive and Congress are different, the administrative regulators also spend a lot of time lobbying, and they are combined with the supervised groups to press Congress; the president lobbies the interest groups in reverse, hoping to get the support and donation of the interest groups; at the time of necessity or emergency. Administrative agencies also need to lobby interest groups to help deal with some matters.
The political interaction between the interest group and the administrative organization is not a simple "cooperation", it is a process of combination and cooperation, and competition and contention. Since it is the two aspect of the contradiction body, the two have both opposite and unified sides. There must be a contention and competition side, while the interests of the two are consistent or mutually necessary. The 9 independent administrative regulators in the United States are responsible for supervising and controlling private enterprise activities. As regulators and regulators, there is a game and even a struggle between the two, and when leii believes the regulatory agency infringes its rights, It will also bring a lawsuit to the court in order to safeguard its rights. Therefore, the political interaction between the American interest group and the administrative organization is a process of competition, cooperation and game.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D771.2;A811

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