本文選題：日本 + 移民政策　； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：第一章,包括對(duì)論文的選題背景、研究問(wèn)題、方法論以及文獻(xiàn)綜述的介紹。本研究致力于探討的問(wèn)題是:雖然日本國(guó)內(nèi)非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力的持續(xù)短缺稱(chēng)為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的不斷受挫的一個(gè)原因,但日本政府仍禁止國(guó)外非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力入境。由于日本政府非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力移民的限制政策,迫使生產(chǎn)部門(mén)選擇不得不去實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程機(jī)械化、合理化以及利用國(guó)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)力資源等方式來(lái)面對(duì)這一政策帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。本文就上述問(wèn)題進(jìn)行深入研究。日本政府曾表示繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持對(duì)國(guó)外非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力移民的限制是出于對(duì)本國(guó)薪資遭到侵蝕的擔(dān)憂(yōu)。本研究不僅以用勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論來(lái)檢驗(yàn)這一論斷為目的,同時(shí)還要表明還有其他的非經(jīng)濟(jì)因素影響了日本政府對(duì)非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力所抱有的封閉態(tài)度。本文以勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家安娜·瑪麗亞·美達(dá)(Anna Maria Mayda)的《是誰(shuí)在反對(duì)移民?對(duì)于移民的個(gè)人態(tài)度的跨國(guó)研究》一文中所用理論作為探討日本非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力移民問(wèn)題的主要理論基礎(chǔ)。該理論指出經(jīng)濟(jì)和非經(jīng)濟(jì)是決定移民政策的分析面向,這一理論可以有效地解釋人們對(duì)于國(guó)家層面移民產(chǎn)生不同態(tài)度的原因。第二章,概述了日本移民問(wèn)題的歷史態(tài)度和實(shí)踐。日本是世界上少數(shù)不使用大量非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力的先進(jìn)工業(yè)國(guó)家之一,這一現(xiàn)象的原因被歸結(jié)為是國(guó)家要堅(jiān)持種族的同質(zhì)性,從而使本國(guó)人對(duì)于日本社會(huì)向國(guó)外非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力開(kāi)放的問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生了消極態(tài)度。然而,從歷史上看,日本曾經(jīng)有大批的國(guó)民移民海外,同時(shí)其接收了大量的海外移民。換言之,由于受到國(guó)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的限制,日本國(guó)民也曾一度離開(kāi)國(guó)門(mén),在海外尋找勞動(dòng)機(jī)會(huì)(可能是非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力)。此外,在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,隨著日本男性不斷被動(dòng)員到戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),國(guó)外非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力也被引入日本補(bǔ)充短缺的勞動(dòng)力,以確保日本經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。這一事實(shí)說(shuō)明,在面對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力短缺的情況下,日本毫不猶豫地向國(guó)外非熟練勞動(dòng)力敞開(kāi)了大門(mén),從而表明了政府對(duì)國(guó)外非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力對(duì)本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性以及提高經(jīng)濟(jì)活力的作用。然而,目前,日本社會(huì)面臨著相似的勞動(dòng)力短缺的情況下(雖然沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)),日本政府卻采取了更加嚴(yán)格的措施禁止非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力的引進(jìn)。上世紀(jì)八十年代,在兩次經(jīng)濟(jì)大繁榮之后,由于國(guó)內(nèi)非熟練勞動(dòng)力的供應(yīng),不足以滿(mǎn)足國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要,日本面臨著日益增長(zhǎng)的全球移民的壓力。隨著大量為了尋求就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)而前往日本的新移民的到來(lái),日本政府發(fā)現(xiàn)保持開(kāi)放的難度越來(lái)越大。所以,盡管勞動(dòng)力嚴(yán)重短缺,日本政府也拒絕向非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力移民工作者打開(kāi)國(guó)門(mén)。在1990年,日本政府修訂了《移民管理和難民承認(rèn)法》——有效地禁止了外國(guó)非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力在日本就業(yè),同時(shí)也對(duì)協(xié)助國(guó)外非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力就業(yè)的雇主和代理人制定了嚴(yán)厲的處罰措施。從日本移民歷史和實(shí)踐情況來(lái)看,日本在鼓勵(lì)本國(guó)公民移民海外和引入外國(guó)移民有著獨(dú)特的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。在面臨不斷增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮)時(shí),日本積極引進(jìn)國(guó)外非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力,同時(shí)在其國(guó)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)飽和的狀況下,日本期望外國(guó)接受日本移民�，F(xiàn)實(shí)存在的問(wèn)題與歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)所顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)的規(guī)律嚴(yán)重不符,因此對(duì)于日本現(xiàn)階段的態(tài)度會(huì)發(fā)生如此劇烈的變化的原因值得進(jìn)一步研究。本研究的下一個(gè)步驟是通過(guò)一個(gè)理論框架來(lái)探討和解釋盡管當(dāng)前日本經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力有明顯的需求,但是仍舊禁止非技術(shù)移民的原因。第三章主要探討了可以解釋日本當(dāng)前非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力移民限制的理論。本文的理論框架參考安娜·瑪麗亞·美達(dá)于2006年8月首次發(fā)表在《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)評(píng)論》上、標(biāo)題為《是誰(shuí)在反對(duì)移民?對(duì)于移民的個(gè)人態(tài)度的跨國(guó)研究》中提出的關(guān)于移民政策偏好的假設(shè)。美達(dá)把對(duì)待移民態(tài)度的影響因素分成兩類(lèi):經(jīng)濟(jì)因素和非經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)因素,美達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)是影響當(dāng)?shù)孛癖妼?duì)待移民問(wèn)題態(tài)度的主要決定因素,特別是移民對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐氖袌?chǎng)回報(bào)方面,即工資的影響。另外一個(gè)重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)決定因素則是移民對(duì)社會(huì)福利的影響。美達(dá)的研究進(jìn)一步探討了影響移民態(tài)度的非經(jīng)濟(jì)決定因素,著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了對(duì)安全問(wèn)題的關(guān)注產(chǎn)生的影響,以及文化和國(guó)家的認(rèn)同問(wèn)題。安全問(wèn)題主要涉及到當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衿毡檎J(rèn)為與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裣啾?移民更有可能參與犯罪活動(dòng)。另一方面,文化與國(guó)家認(rèn)同問(wèn)題通常與移民的固有的特質(zhì)有關(guān):來(lái)自不同文化、起源和民族的人混合在一起,往往會(huì)引起沖突。第四章,本文將前文所詳述的理論應(yīng)用到日本的具體案例中。該理論能夠解釋日本的實(shí)際情況。由于外籍非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力的增加會(huì)在一定程度上給日本本國(guó)國(guó)民工資的帶來(lái)了影響。我認(rèn)為,這是日本非熟練勞動(dòng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。此外,日本社會(huì)持續(xù)地對(duì)移民抱有負(fù)面情緒,這種情緒主要集中在安全和文化問(wèn)題上。首先,日本社會(huì)存在著非常強(qiáng)烈的民族主義,原因要?dú)w結(jié)于日本仍是一個(gè)文化同質(zhì)的社會(huì)。這種同質(zhì)化的環(huán)境可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致社會(huì)中的民眾傾向于維護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)匾?guī)范、傳統(tǒng)和信仰體系的優(yōu)先地位以及構(gòu)成日本民族的理念。最顯著的特點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在確定國(guó)籍的血統(tǒng)主義原則上,父母中的一個(gè)或兩個(gè)人都是日本公民才能取得日本國(guó)籍,而與之相對(duì)的出生地主義原則(出生權(quán)),則只要求出生在該國(guó)就可獲得該國(guó)國(guó)籍。除此之外,日本媒體在移民問(wèn)題上起到了一定的影響:日本媒體放大了日本移民的存在及其對(duì)犯罪活動(dòng)的影響。大量日本民眾認(rèn)為,相較于本國(guó)居民,移民更有可能參與犯罪活動(dòng)。結(jié)論部分首先揭示了外國(guó)非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力的增加與同樣技術(shù)的日本本土勞動(dòng)力的流失有著一定聯(lián)系。其次,日本社會(huì)對(duì)移民的消極態(tài)度是由民族主義情緒、對(duì)安全和文化侵蝕的擔(dān)憂(yōu)以及媒體對(duì)外國(guó)人的報(bào)道所引發(fā)的。雖然這些研究結(jié)果解釋了日本目前對(duì)移民問(wèn)題的態(tài)度,但這種態(tài)度不利于日本的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展前景。最后,本文對(duì)如何采取更有益的政策提出了一些建議。
[Abstract]:The first chapter, including the background of topic selection, research questions, methodology and literature review, is devoted to the question: Although the continuing shortage of non technical labor in Japan is called a cause of economic development, the Japanese government still prohibits the entry of foreign non technical labor force. The restrictive policy of non technical labor migration has forced the production departments to choose to realize the mechanization of the production process, rationalization and the use of domestic labor resources to face the problems brought by this policy. This paper has carried out a deep study on the above issues. The Japanese government has said that it has continued to adhere to the migration of foreign non technical labor force. This study not only uses labor economics to test this argument, but also shows that there are other non economic factors that affect the closed attitude of the Japanese government to the unskilled labor force. This article is based on labor economist Anna Maria Meda. Anna Maria Mayda) "who is the main theoretical basis for discussing the problem of Japanese non technical labor migration in the transnational research against immigration and the personal attitude of immigrants? The theory points out that economic and non economic is the analysis of immigration policy, which can effectively explain people to the country." The second chapter outlines the historical attitude and practice of the Japanese immigration problem. Japan is one of the few advanced industrial countries that do not use a large number of unskilled labor in the world. The reason is that it is attributed to the country's insisting on the identity of race, thus making the native people to the country to the country. In the past, Japan had a large number of immigrants overseas and received a large number of overseas immigrants. In other words, because of the restrictions on the domestic labor market, Japanese nationals were once separated from the open door to find labor opportunities overseas (perhaps unskilled). In addition, during the war, as Japanese men were constantly mobilized to the battlefield, foreign unskilled labor was introduced to Japan to supplement the shortage of labor to ensure the sustained operation of the Japanese economy. This fact shows that Japan is unhesitantly to foreign countries in the face of the shortage of unskilled labor during the war. The government has taken more stringent measures to ban unskilled labor, however, when Japanese society faces a similar labor shortage (although there is no war). In 80s last century, after the two economic boom, Japan faced a growing pressure of global immigration because of the supply of unskilled labor in the country, which was not sufficient to meet the needs of domestic economic development. With the arrival of a large number of new immigrants to Japan for employment opportunities, the Japanese government found that it remained open. In 1990, the Japanese government revised the immigration management and refugee recognition law, which effectively banned foreign non skilled labor in Japan and helped foreign non technical labor force in 1990. From the history and practice of Japanese immigrants, Japan has a unique experience in encouraging its citizens to emigrate overseas and to introduce foreign immigrants. In the face of growing economic pressure (war and economic prosperity), Japan actively introduces foreign non technical labor force, while at the same time When the domestic labor market is saturated, Japan expects foreign acceptance of Japanese immigrants. The existing problems are seriously inconsistent with the laws shown by historical experience. Therefore, the reasons for such violent changes in the present stage of Japan are worth further studying. The next step of this study is to adopt a theory. The framework is used to discuss and explain the reasons why the current economic development of Japan has obvious demand for non technical labor, but it still prohibits non technical immigrants. The third chapter mainly discusses the theory that can explain the current restrictions on non technical labor migration in Japan. The theoretical framework of this paper is referred to Anna Maria Meda in August 2006 for the first time. Published in the review of economics and statistics, the title of "who is against immigration? A Cross-Country Study on the personal attitude of immigrants?" the hypothesis of immigration policy preference. Mada divides the influence factors of immigrant attitudes into two categories: Economic and non economic factors. For economic factors, Mada emphasizes the labor market. The main determinants of local people's attitude towards immigration, especially the impact of migrants on local market returns, namely, wages, and the other important economic determinants are the impact of immigrants on social welfare. The impact of security concerns and the issue of cultural and national identity. Security concerns mainly that local residents generally believe that migrants are more likely to participate in criminal activities than local residents. On the other hand, cultural and national identity issues are usually related to the inherent characteristics of immigrants: from different cultures, origins and nationalities. In the fourth chapter, this article applies the theory described in the previous article to the specific case of Japan. This theory can explain the actual situation in Japan. Because the increase of foreign non technical labor force will affect the national wages of Japan to a certain extent. I think this is unripe Japan. In addition to the economic impact of the labor force. In addition, Japanese society continues to have negative feelings about immigration, which is mainly focused on security and cultural issues. First, there is a very strong nationalism in Japanese society, due to the fact that Japan is still a cultural homogeneous society. This homogeneous environment may lead to society. The people tend to maintain the local norms, the priority of the tradition and the belief system and the concept of the Japanese nation. The most striking feature is that one or two of the parents of the parents are Japanese citizens in order to acquire Japanese nationality, and the relative birth doctrine principle (birth right). In addition, the Japanese media have had a certain impact on immigration: the Japanese media have amplified the existence of Japanese immigrants and their impact on criminal activities. A large number of Japanese people think that migrants are more likely to participate in criminal activities than their own residents. There is a link between the increase in foreign non-technical labour force and the loss of the same technology in Japan. Secondly, the negative attitude of Japanese society to immigration is caused by nationalist sentiment, concerns about security and cultural erosion, and the media's reports on foreigners. The attitude of immigrants is not conducive to Japan's economic development prospects. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to adopt more beneficial policies.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D731.3

【相似文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 莊國(guó)土;張晶盈;;中國(guó)新移民的類(lèi)型和分布[J];社會(huì)科學(xué);2012年12期

2 張墨寧;;蔡f :教育要走出“負(fù)激勵(lì)”[J];南風(fēng)窗;2012年04期

相關(guān)重要報(bào)紙文章 前2條

1 何帆;第二代改革為何如此之難[N];中國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)報(bào);2007年

2 胡鞍鋼;重新認(rèn)識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的政策含義[N];發(fā)展導(dǎo)報(bào);2002年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 Nhlanhla Junior John Ngulube;日本移民政策的困境—對(duì)外國(guó)非技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力的需求與禁令[D];吉林大學(xué);2017年

，

本文編號(hào)：1923995