本文選題：基督教 + 美國(guó)政治�。� 參考：《華東師范大學(xué)》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 美國(guó)的猶太-基督教傳統(tǒng)呈現(xiàn)猶太教、天主教和新教的三分狀況，但是從本質(zhì)上看，美國(guó)文明的基礎(chǔ)是新教傳統(tǒng)。當(dāng)前美國(guó)的基督教新教依照政治態(tài)度來劃分，分為自由主義的主流派(Mainline)和偏于保守的福音派(Evangelical)兩個(gè)陣營(yíng)。福音派在上一世紀(jì)的二十年代以前一直是美國(guó)社會(huì)中最強(qiáng)大的宗教勢(shì)力。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，新教福音派作為主流文化的地位大大下降了。引起這種變化的是社會(huì)的現(xiàn)代化及其沖擊，傳統(tǒng)的美國(guó)價(jià)值觀在二十年代以后逐步崩潰。六十年代末和七十年代初，保守的神職人員的政治參與熱情還遠(yuǎn)低于主流派，但是到了七十年代后期，情況便大不一樣了。 新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)(The New Christian Rights)是指美國(guó)宗教特別是基督教新教中一些積極參與政治事務(wù)和社會(huì)事務(wù)的宗教保守派及其活動(dòng)。新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)中的主要派別有道德多數(shù)派、基督教福音派等，它的基礎(chǔ)主要是基督教福音派，該派在神學(xué)上是保守的，信徒主要是美國(guó)中下層人士。 一般認(rèn)為，新基督教右翼在七八十年代的崛起，首先反映了教會(huì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的變化，以及它所生存的美國(guó)社會(huì)大環(huán)境的現(xiàn)代化。城市化使得社會(huì)價(jià)值觀受到威脅，進(jìn)一步則使教會(huì)的威信下降，通過政治途徑重建以往宗教集團(tuán)的價(jià)值觀也就成了當(dāng)務(wù)之急。傳統(tǒng)的福音派是反對(duì)宗教過問政治的，但這種政治冷淡到了新的形勢(shì)下卻轉(zhuǎn)化為意圖實(shí)行更符合自己價(jià)值觀的政策。新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)在七八十年代崛起，其在美國(guó)政治中究竟要達(dá)到什么目的呢?其長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)是力圖糾正或修補(bǔ)現(xiàn)代化造成的精神價(jià)值觀的錯(cuò)位或損失，近期目標(biāo)則是更深入地參與美國(guó)的社會(huì)政治生活，通過政黨的政治活動(dòng)推行新右翼的政治理想，用它的價(jià)值觀去影響美國(guó)社會(huì)。福音派的政治活動(dòng)一直同共和黨的“親家庭(pro-family)、“親道德(pro-morality)”社會(huì)綱領(lǐng)相濡以沫，成為美國(guó)政治生活中的一大宗教景觀。 本文的研究以辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義為指導(dǎo)，理論研究與實(shí)證分析相結(jié)合、歷史研究與現(xiàn)狀分析相結(jié)合，充分吸收和借鑒宗教學(xué)、歷史學(xué)、政治學(xué)的相關(guān)研究成果，進(jìn)行跨學(xué)科的分析和研究，探討新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)當(dāng)代美國(guó)政治所產(chǎn)生的影響。 全文主體共分為八個(gè)部分。 第一章：首先，從美國(guó)思想文化史的角度，分析了影響美國(guó)基督教歷程的三大思潮——清教主義、啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)和實(shí)用主義。其次，重點(diǎn)分析了美國(guó)基督教的興起和發(fā)展始終伴隨著世俗化過程，但是世俗化并不等于宗教的消失，而僅僅意味著制度宗教的領(lǐng)域縮小，并讓位于世俗領(lǐng)域。最后，分析了美國(guó)基督教的歷史演變，以及基督教各主要教派的政治態(tài)度。本質(zhì)上美國(guó)文明的基礎(chǔ)是新教傳統(tǒng)，總體來說，宗教團(tuán)體的政治參與水平呈上升趨勢(shì)。 第二章：主要分析了二十世紀(jì)七十年代末美國(guó)新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起。從歷史的角度看，新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)興起是美國(guó)歷史上多次宗教復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)的又一次體現(xiàn)。而二十世紀(jì)初興起的基督教基要主義運(yùn)動(dòng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)傳統(tǒng)的家庭觀、倫理觀、道德觀，是美國(guó)新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)生長(zhǎng)的肥沃土壤。此外，由于教會(huì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的變化以及美國(guó)社會(huì)大環(huán)境的現(xiàn)代化，，使美國(guó)主流社會(huì)的價(jià)值觀受到威脅并進(jìn)一步使教會(huì)的威信下降，通過政治途徑重建以往宗教集團(tuán)的價(jià)值觀也就成了新基督教右翼的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。 第三章：主要分析了新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展，以及適應(yīng)世俗化政治的過程。“道德多數(shù)派”是二十世紀(jì)七十年代末大規(guī)模公開介入美國(guó)政治的新基督教右翼的代表性組織，九十年代以來新基督教右翼中最大的政治團(tuán)體——基督教聯(lián)盟調(diào)整了在從事社會(huì)問題上的政治風(fēng)格，倡導(dǎo)政治實(shí)用主義，采取漸進(jìn)主義，接受主流議程。新基督教右翼主要是以世俗的、社會(huì)行動(dòng)團(tuán)體的形式，而非宗教組織的名義進(jìn)行活動(dòng)的。其參與政治的目的是希望把傳統(tǒng)的基督教價(jià)值觀滲入到美國(guó)的國(guó)家政策中。 第四章：重點(diǎn)分析了新基督教右翼介入美國(guó)政治的原因。美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的奠基是基督教上帝文化的一朵奇葩，政教分離制度的確立給予了國(guó)家和教會(huì)獨(dú)立發(fā)展、自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的機(jī)會(huì)。新基督教右翼的思想體現(xiàn)在其所追求的社會(huì)目標(biāo)上。作為一種選舉運(yùn)動(dòng)的新基督教右翼具有三大目標(biāo)，使福音新教成員參與政治，與共和黨實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)盟，改變美國(guó)公共政策。 第五章：主要分析了新基督教右翼參與政治的方式和特點(diǎn)。宗教團(tuán)體作為一個(gè)利益集團(tuán)，通�？梢杂卸喾N方式影響公共政策的決定。新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)作為一支社會(huì)力量參與政治，其最突出特點(diǎn)就是能在極短時(shí)間內(nèi)，迅速動(dòng)員它所擁有的社會(huì)資源，形成公開而強(qiáng)大的政治攻勢(shì)，這種攻勢(shì)的形成是與其獨(dú)特的活動(dòng)方式分不開的。 第六章：重點(diǎn)分析了新基督教右翼參與美國(guó)全國(guó)選舉。對(duì)于宗教利益集團(tuán)來說，對(duì)政治施加影響最有效的方式是參與全國(guó)政治選舉。自二十世紀(jì)八十年代以來，新基督教右翼成為共和黨贏得選舉勝利的一支重要力量。此后，白人福音派與共和黨結(jié)為越來越緊密的同盟，取代了新教主流派的歷史地位。 第七章：主要分析了新基督教右翼通過政治參與改變美國(guó)公共政策。新基督教右翼不滿于傳統(tǒng)的宗教價(jià)值觀及道德觀念的淪喪。首先關(guān)注的主要是墮胎、同性戀、學(xué)校祈禱等涉及道德爭(zhēng)論等方面的社會(huì)問題。二十世紀(jì)九十年代，新基督教右翼開始采用政治實(shí)用主義和漸進(jìn)主義，并將其政策議程擴(kuò)大到經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育、醫(yī)療、外交等領(lǐng)域。而且，新基督教右翼組織與共和黨實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)盟，與新基督教右翼有關(guān)的議題成為共和黨政治的重要組成部分。 第八章：重點(diǎn)分析了新基督教右翼的政治影響以及運(yùn)動(dòng)的局限性。雖然新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)有一個(gè)宏偉的計(jì)劃，即激進(jìn)地改變美國(guó)的部分國(guó)內(nèi)外政策，而且盡管已經(jīng)獲取了不菲的成就，但是離終極目標(biāo)仍然甚遠(yuǎn)。在大多數(shù)情況下，新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)不得不接受妥協(xié)，以獲得具體的政策實(shí)惠。因此，不能將新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)看作是美國(guó)政策制定中的決定性力量。 新基督教右翼既是一種宗教政治思潮，又是一種宗教社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，它代表了一批積極參與社會(huì)生活和政治事務(wù)的宗教保守派組織和人士為提高宗教在美國(guó)的地位，使宗教界更好地參與社會(huì)政治并擁有更多的權(quán)利而做的積極努力。通過寄生于共和黨籬下，新基督教右翼勢(shì)力一直努力試圖把他們的價(jià)值觀融入到美國(guó)社會(huì)政策之中。迄今為止，新基督教右翼運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)走過了兩個(gè)階段，相對(duì)于過去第二階段的政治性更加強(qiáng)烈，其所獲得的政治力量主要來源于各地的組織活動(dòng)。從對(duì)社會(huì)政治的參與方式看，新基督教右翼主要是以世俗的、社會(huì)行動(dòng)團(tuán)體的形式，而非宗教組織的名義進(jìn)行活動(dòng)的，其形式類同美國(guó)社會(huì)中形形色色的利益集團(tuán)或壓力集團(tuán)。其中影響最大的有“道德多數(shù)派”(Moral Majority)和基督教聯(lián)盟(Christian Coalition)。根據(jù)歷次宗教復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)律和美國(guó)社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況，有理由認(rèn)為，在未來的10-20年內(nèi)，新基督教右翼的發(fā)展與整個(gè)社會(huì)的保守化傾向不可避免地還會(huì)持續(xù)一段時(shí)期，新基督教右翼將繼續(xù)作為壓力集團(tuán)活躍在美國(guó)的政治舞臺(tái)上，并在一定程度和范圍內(nèi)影響美國(guó)的政治。但是無論新基督教右翼如何發(fā)展，美國(guó)社會(huì)的自我調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制是不會(huì)把美國(guó)變成一個(gè)基督教基要主義國(guó)家的。
[Abstract]:The Jewish Christian tradition in the United States presents the three points of Judaism, Catholicism and Protestant religion. But in essence, the basis of the American civilization is the Protestant tradition. At present, the Protestant Protestant religion in the United States is divided into the liberal mainstream (Mainline) and the conservative evangelical (Evangelical) camp according to the political attitude. The pies had been the most powerful religious forces in American society before the 20s first Century. After World War I, the position of the Protestant evangelicals was greatly reduced as the mainstream culture. This change was the modernization of society and its impact, and the traditional American values collapsed after 20s. The end of 60s. In the early 70s, the political participation of the conservative clergy was far less than that of the mainstream, but by the end of 70s, the situation was quite different.
The new Christian right wing movement (The New Christian Rights) refers to the religious conservatives and their activities which are actively involved in political affairs and social affairs, especially in the Protestant Protestant religion of the United States. The main factions of the new Christian right wing movement include the moral majority, the Christian evangelical school and so on. Its basis is the Christian evangelical school, which is based on the Christian evangelical school. Theology is conservative. Believers are mainly middle and lower class members of the United States.
It is generally believed that the rise of the right wing of the new Christian right in the 70s and 80s reflects the changes in the political and economic status of the church, as well as the modernization of the great environment of the American society that it exists. The urbanization makes the social values threatened, and the prestige of the church is further reduced and the values of the previous religious groups are rebuilt through political ways. The traditional evangelical faction was opposed to the politics of religion, but the political indifference turned into a policy that was intended to be more consistent with its own values in the new situation. What was the rise of the right wing of the new Christian right in 70s and 80s and what was its purpose in American politics? Its long-term goal was to try to do it. To correct or repair the dislocation or loss of the spiritual values caused by modernization, the recent goal is to participate more deeply in the social and political life of the United States, to carry out the political ideals of the new right through political activities of the party and to influence American society with its values. The evangelical political activities have always been with the "pro-family" of the Republican Party. The "pro-morality" social program has become a major religious landscape in American political life.
The study is guided by dialectical materialism and historical materialism, combining theoretical research with empirical analysis, combining historical research with status analysis, fully absorbing and drawing on the related research results of religion, history and politics, and conducting an interdisciplinary analysis and research to discuss the contemporary American politics of the right wing of New Christianity. The impact of it.
The main body of the full text is divided into eight parts.
The first chapter: first, from the perspective of American Ideological and cultural history, the three major trends of thought affecting the American Christian course - Puritanism, enlightenment and pragmatism - are analyzed. Secondly, it is emphasized that the rise and development of Christianity in the United States is always accompanied by secularization, but secularization is not equal to the disappearance of religion, but only means that the religion is disappearing. In the end, the historical evolution of the American Christianity and the political attitude of the main Christian sects were analyzed. The essence of American civilization was the Protestant tradition, and the political participation of religious groups was upward trend in general.
The second chapter mainly analyzes the rise of the American new Christian right wing movement at the end of the 1970s. From a historical point of view, the rise of the new Christian right wing movement is another reflection of many religious revival movements in American history. The Christian fundamentalist movement, which began in the early twentieth Century, emphasizes the traditional concept of family and ethics. Morality is a fertile soil for the growth of the new Christian right wing movement in the United States. In addition, the changes in the political and economic status of the church and the modernization of the American social environment have threatened the values of the mainstream society in the United States and further reduced the prestige of the church, and the values of the former religious groups were also reconstructed through political ways. The urgent task of the new Christian right.
The third chapter mainly analyzes the development of the right wing movement of the New Christianity and the process of adapting to the secularization of politics. "The moral majority" is the representative organization of the new Christian right wing of the American politics in the late 1970s. Since 90s, the largest political group in the right wing of the new Christian religion, Christianity. The alliance has adjusted the political style of social issues, advocated political pragmatism, adopted gradualism, and accepted the mainstream agenda. The new Christian right is mainly in the form of secular, social action groups and not in the name of religious organizations. The purpose of its participation in politics is to infiltrate the traditional Christian values. To the national policy of the United States.
The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of the reason why the right wing of New Christianity is involved in American politics. The foundation of United States of America is a wonderful flower of the Christian God culture. The establishment of the separation system of religion and religion gives the independent development of the state and the church and the opportunity for free competition. The thought of the new Christian right is reflected in the social goals he pursued. A new Christian right wing of the electoral campaign has three main objectives: to enable Gospel Protestant members to participate in politics, to form alliances with the Republicans and to change American public policies.
The fifth chapter mainly analyzes the way and characteristics of the political participation of the right wing of the new Christian. As a interest group, the religious group usually has a variety of ways to influence the decision of the public policy. The new Christian right wing movement, as a social force, participates in politics. The most prominent feature of the new Christian right wing is to mobilize it quickly in a very short time. The social resources have formed an open and powerful political offensive. The formation of this offensive is inseparable from its unique way of activity.
The sixth chapter focuses on the analysis of the new Christian right-wing participation in the national elections in the United States. For the religious interest groups, the most effective way to exert influence on politics is to participate in the national political election. Since 1980s, the new Christian right has become an important force for the Republican Party to win the victory of the election. The increasingly close alliance with the Republican Party has replaced the historical position of the new Catholic school.
The seventh chapter mainly analyzes the change of the American public policy by the political participation of the right wing of the new Christian right. The new Christian right is dissatisfied with the decline of the traditional religious values and moral concepts. The first concern is the social problems of abortion, homosexuality, school prayers, and other aspects of moral debate. In 1990s, new Christ The right wing began to adopt political pragmatism and gradualism, and extended its policy agenda to economic, educational, medical, diplomatic and other fields. Moreover, the new Christian right-wing organization was aligned with the Republican Party. The issues related to the right wing of the new Christian religion became the important part of the Republican politics.
The eighth chapter focuses on the political influence of the new Christian right and the limitations of the movement. Although the new Christian right-wing movement has a grand plan to radically change some of the domestic and foreign policies of the United States, and although it has gained a lot of achievements, it is still far from the ultimate goal. In most cases, new Christ. The right wing movement had to be compromised in order to achieve specific policy benefits. Therefore, the new Christian right wing movement could not be regarded as a decisive force in the formulation of American policy.
The right wing of the new Christian religion is not only a religious political ideological trend, but also a religious social movement. It represents a group of religious conservatives who actively participate in social life and political affairs and make positive efforts to improve the status of religion in the United States and make the religious community better participate in social politics and have more rights. Born in the Republican hedge, the new Christian right-wing forces have been trying to integrate their values into American social policies. So far, the new Christian right has gone through two stages. The political power of the new Christian right has been more intense than the past second stages, and its political power is mainly derived from the organizational activities of all parts of the country. From the way of social and political participation, the right wing of the new Christian right is mainly in the form of secular, social action groups and not in the name of religious organizations. Its form is similar to the various kinds of interest groups or pressure groups in American society. Among them, the most influential are the "Moral Majority" and the Christian Union. Christian Coalition. According to the laws of the religious revival movement and the reality of American society, there is reason to believe that in the next 10-20 years, the development of the right wing of the new Christian religion and the conservative tendency of the whole society will inevitably continue for a period of time, and the new Christian Right wing will continue to be active in the United States as a pressure group. On the political stage, it affects American politics to a certain extent and in a certain extent. However, no matter how the right wing of the new Christian right develops, the self-regulation mechanism of American society will not turn the United States into a Christian fundamentalist country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：D771.2

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